1. Business English and writing skills
Unit 9 – Workplace communication: Crafting negative messages
Source: The Essentials of Business Communication, 10e, (U3-Ch7, pg 192)

2. Communicating Negative News Effectively
Negative news in business includes product failures, poor service, wrongful billing, misunderstood customers, etc.
Business writers might have to apologize for mistakes in orders, pricing, rudeness of employees, overlooked appointments, defective products, etc.
Bad news disappoints, irritates and sometimes even angers the recipient, so messages should be written carefully.

3. Communicating Negative News Effectively
Goals:
Explain clearly and effectively
Project a professional image
Convey empathy and sensitivity
Be fair
Maintain friendly relations

4. Negative News Strategies
When to use the direct strategy…
When the bad news is not damaging.
When the receiver may overlook the bad news.
When the organization or receiver prefers directness.
When firmness is necessary.
The direct strategy saves time and may even be perceived as more ethical by some.
Example: security breach messages are a good example of using a direct strategy.

5. Negative News Strategies
When to use the indirect strategy…
When the bad news is personally upsetting
When the bad news will provoke a hostile reaction
When the bad news threatens the customer relationship
When the bad news is unexpected
The indirect strategy does not reveal the bad news immediately.
In theory, the strategy lets you keep the reader’s attention until you can explain the bad news.

6. Keeping the indirect strategy ethical
Some feel the indirect strategy is unethical or manipulative because the writer deliberately delays the main idea. However, being too blunt may cause pain.
Experts say that some people need to believe the reasons why before they will listen to what and when.

7. Composing effective negative messages

8. Open with a buffer A buffer is a device to reduce shock or pain.
Begin with a neutral but meaningful statement that encourages the reader to continue reading. Avoid: Thank you for your .
Try:
Best news
Compliment (ex: declining an invitation. “I am honoured you asked me to speak…”
Appreciation (ex: refuse a job. “I appreciated learning about your company…”
Agreement (ex: rejecting a loan. “We both recognize how the economy has affected customers…”)
Facts (ex: memo announcing cutbacks. “During the past 5 years, the number of employees eating breakfast in our cafeteria has reduced…”
Understanding (ex: product defect. “We know you expect superior service…”
Show empathy (ex: layoffs. “We regret we have to take this step…”)

9. Presenting the reasons
Providing an explanation reduces feelings of ill will and improves the changes that readers will accept the bad news.
In the indirect strategy, the reasons appear before the bad news; in the direct strategy, the reasons appear after the bad news.
Explain clearly. Ex: In responding to a billing error, explain what happened: After you informed us of an error on your January bill, we realized the mistake was ours. Until our new automated system is fully online, we are still subject to human error.

10. Presenting the reasons
Cite reader or other benefits. Readers accept bad news if they recognize that someone or something else benefits.
“Although we would like to consider your application, we prefer to fill managerial positions from within.”
Company policy explanation. Instead of hiding behind company policy, gently explain why the policy makes sense:
“We prefer to promote from within because it rewards the loyalty of our employees.”
Choosing positive words. Avoid cannot, claim, denied, error, failure, fault, impossible, mistaken, misunderstand, never, regret, rejected, unable, unwilling, unfortunately, and violate.
Showing fairness and serious intent. Show the reader you take the matter seriously, have investigated carefully, and are making an unbiased decision.

11. Cushioning the bad news
Position the bad news strategically. Don’t let the refusal begin or end the paragraph. Try a subordinate clause.
Although another candidate was hired, we appreciate your interest in our organization.
Use passive voice. Helps depersonalize an action. Ex: “Cash refunds are not given because…”
Highlight the positive. Ex: “We are now selling gas at discount prices vs. We no longer allow credit card purchases.”
Imply the refusal. “Because we’re changing offices, all of our resources are committed to relocation costs.” (refusal to donate to a charity)
Suggest a compromise or alternative. Ex: “Although private tours are not given, we do host open houses twice a year.”

12. Closing pleasantly Alternative follow up Freebies Good wishes
“I’d be happy to give you a free inspection and consultation.” (rejecting replacement of plants)
Freebies
“Because we want you to continue enjoying our healthy and convenient dinners, we are enclosing a coupon that you can take to your local market to select your next Green Valley entrée.” (product complaint)
Good wishes
“We appreciate your interest in our company and we wish you the best in your job search.”
Forward look. Anticipate future business or contact.
“Thank you for your bid. We look forward to working with you on future projects.”

13. Exercises Negative news letters – direct strategy (Worksheet P1)
Bad News to Customers—Hackers Hijack Addresses
This poorly written tells customers that their addresses have been hacked. However, the message is clumsy and fails to include essential information in revealing security breaches to customers.
Task- Analyze the message and list at least seven weaknesses.

14. Denying requests and claims
“To be agreeable while disagreeing – that’s an art.”
Pg 206

15. Refusing typical requests and claims
Favors, contributions, invitations, customer claims, etc.

16. Denying claims
Customers often want something they are not entitled to or something you can’t give.
Because they are unhappy with a product or service, they get emotionally involved, which makes saying no difficult.
Guidelines:
Don’t blame customers
Avoid you statements that sound preachy
Use neutral, objective language
Find ways to build confidence

17. Rejecting requests for favors, money, information, and action
Group exercise (Worksheet) Request: Donation to a charity Analyze the situation. What strategies would you use to issue a refusal? Share key phrases you would use in your refusal.

18. Exercise Worksheet: Claim denial. Exercise II.
Your Task. As a staff member of the customer relations department of National Airlines, deny the customer’s claim but retain her goodwill using techniques learned in this unit. The airline never refunds cash, but it might consider travel vouchers for the value of the glasses.
Remember that apologies cost nothing.
Write a claim denial to Ms. Genna Frymoyer-Morris.

19. Managing bad news within organizations
Generally, bad news is better received when reasons are given first.
The choice of a direct or indirect strategy depends on the anticipated reaction of the audience.
Examples of interpersonal bad news include telling the boss something went wrong or confronting an employee about poor performance.
Examples of organizational bad news might involve declining profits, lost contracts, lawsuits, public relations controversies, and policy changes.

20. Announcing bad news to employees and the public
Keep communication open and honest.
Choose the best channel.

21. Refusing workplace requests
Luke, this is to let you know that attending that conference in October is out of the question. Perhaps you didn’t remember that budget planning meetings are scheduled for that month.
We really need your expertise to help keep the updating of our telecommunications network on schedule. Without you, the entire system—which is shaky at best—might fall apart. I’m really sorry to have to refuse your request to attend the conference. I know this is small thanks for the fine work you have done for us.
Please accept our humble apologies. In the spring I’m sure your work schedule will be lighter, and we can release you to attend a conference at that time. Kayla
Announces the bad news too quickly
Overemphasizes refusal
Makes a promise that might be difficult to keep

22. Refusing workplace requests
Luke, the entire Management Council and I are pleased with the exceptional leadership you have provided. Because of your professional commitment, I can understand your desire to attend the conference of the Telecommunication Specialists of America from October 23–27 in Phoenix.
The last two weeks in October have been set aside for budget planning. As you and I know, we have only just started planning the teleconferencing projects for the next five years. Because you are the specialist and we rely heavily on your expertise, we need you here for these planning sessions.
If you are able to attend a similar conference in the spring and if our workloads permit, we will try to send you then. You are our most valuable team member, Luke, and we are grateful for the quality leadership you provide.
Buffer – includes sincere phrase.
Transition
Reasons
Implied refusal
Closing – realistic alternative

23. Delivering bad news in person
Gather all the information. Cool down and have all the facts before confronting someone.
Prepare and rehearse. Outline what you plan to say so you are confident, coherent and dispassionate.
Explain: past, present and future. If you are telling the boss about a problem such as the computer crash, explain what caused the crash, the current situation, and how and when you plan to fix it
Consider taking a partner. If you fear a “shoot the messenger” reaction, especially from your boss, bring a colleague with you.
Think about timing. Don’t deliver bad news on a Friday.
Be patient with the reaction. Give the receiver time to vent, think, recover, act wisely.

24. Exercise Employee Bad News: Only Employees Can Play
Write an or hard-copy memo to the staff denying the request of several employees to include non-employees on Portland intramural sports teams.
Explain the strategies used to write the memo.