1. Microorganisms (Microbes)
Bacteria
Viruses
Protists
Fungi

2. Bacteria
Introduction

3. Killer in London Recap (1:41)

4. Prokaryote Review
Microscopic. Can only be seen with very powerful electron microscopes
Single-celled (unicellular) But carry out ALL the characteristics of life. This means bacteria are LIVING!!!
Lacks nucleus
No membrane-bound organelles
Less complicated than eukaryotes

5. Classifying Prokaryotes: Kingdoms
At the base of the tree of life are two kingdoms of prokaryotes: Archaebacteria & Eubacteria

6. Kingdom Archaebacteria
Methanogens
Halophiles
Thermoacidophiles

7. Kingdom Archaebacteria
Methanogens
Halophiles
Environments with high concentrations of saltwater like Utah’s Great Salt Lake
Oxygen free environments like animal intestines
Thermoacidophiles
Environments of hot, acidic waters where temperatures can reach the boiling point of water like Sulphur Springs

8. Kingdom Eubacteria Larger of the two kingdoms
Wide range of organisms with diverse lifestyles
Live almost anywhere: land, water, in and on animals
Cyanobacteria common in ponds, streams, and moist areas of land.

9. General Bacteria Structures
Cell Wall
(Peptidoglycan)
Cell membrane
Ribosome
DNA
Flagella

10. Fundamental difference between Archaebacteria and Eubacteria is the carbohydrate that makes up their cell wall
Eubacteria ~ cell wall made up of peptidoglycan
Archaebacteria ~ cell wall made up of glycan polymers
NOTICE: No membrane-bound organelles or nucleus, small ribosomes & and a single-circular strand of DNA

11. General Characteristics of Bacteria

12. 1) Cell Shapes Spheres: cocci (-us) Rods: bacilli (-us)
Spiral: spirilla (-um)

13. 2) Cell Arrangements
Pairs: Diplo-
Cluster: Staphylo-
Chain: Strepto-

14. Name These Bacteria Shapes

15. Name this bacterium
streptococcus

16. 1) Heterotrophs: decomposers or parasites
3) Metabolism
Two categories based on how they obtain energy…
1) Heterotrophs: decomposers or parasites

17. photosynthetic or chemoautotrophic
3) Metabolism
Two categories based on how they obtain energy…
2) Autotrophs:
photosynthetic or chemoautotrophic

18. 3) Metabolism
Three additional categories based on their oxygen requirements
Obligate aerobes: require oxygen
Obligate anaerobes: no oxygen; produce energy from glycolysis or fermentation
Facultative anaerobes: can survive with or without oxygen

19. 4) Growth & Reproduction
Some bacteria grow and divide every 20 minutes (exponential growth)
Populations are controlled by availability of food, space and waste produced
2 types of reproduction:
Binary Fission
Conjugation

20. 1. Binary Fission
Asexual form of reproduction as genetic info is not exchanged

21. 2. Conjugation

22. Conjugation: Sexual form of reproduction
During conjugation, a hollow bridge forms between two bacterial cells
Genes move from 1 cell to another
Increases genetic variation

23. 2. Conjugation

24. Questions??

25. CONCEPT REVIEW: True or False
Members of Archaea live in extreme environments.
TRUE

26. CONCEPT REVIEW: True or False
Members of Kingdom Eubacteria are ecologically diverse.
TRUE

27. CONCEPT REVIEW: True or False
The cell walls of Eubacteria contain peptidoglycan, while those of Archaea do not.
TRUE

28. Which micrograph shows bacillus bacteria?
CONCEPT REVIEW:
Which micrograph shows bacillus bacteria? A B C

29. Which of the following does not belong with the others?
These are metabolisms based on oxygen requirements
Obligate Aerobes
Obligate Anaerobes
Chemo autotrophs
Facultative Anaerobes

30. CONCEPT REVIEW: Multiple Choice
Bacteria reproduce asexually by
binary fission
spores
conjugation
fixation

31. Turn to a Partner Tell your partner the three parts to conjugation.
Take turns

32. Notes: Bacteria,cont.
9 Fun Facts

33. Turn to a Partner
Discuss with a partner why bacteria are considered to be “living.”
HINT: Use the
characteristics of life

34. Endospore
When growth conditions become unfavorable, many bacteria form structures called spores
Spores can remain dormant for months or years until conditions improve. When conditions improve, the bacteria can start to grow again
Makes it possible for bacteria to survive harsh conditions like extreme heat or dryness, or lack of nutrients which might otherwise kill them

35. Not All Bacteria Are Bad!!!

36. Ecological Importance

37. Bacteria are vital to maintaining the living world and have very important jobs
Decomposers: Break down and recycle nutrients
Nitrogen-fixers: break down nitrogen gas from the atmosphere and turn it into a form of nitrogen that plants can use
Producers: remember cyanobacteria??

38. Human Importance

39. Bacteria used in production of many foods (Swiss cheese, pickles, yogurt)
Some bacteria are used to clean up oil spills
Bacteria called E. coli is found in the human large intestine and aids in digestion

40. Not All Bacteria Are Good!!!

41. Bacteria are everywhere in nature, but only a few cause disease
Disease causing agents are referred to as pathogens

42. Bacteria cause disease in 2 general ways:
Break down cells & tissue: staph infection
Release toxins that travel throughout the body: Strept throat

43. Diseases
Staph infection
Strep throat
Scarlet fever

44. Controlling Bacteria Vaccines Antibiotics Sterilization Disinfectants
Food Processing & Storage

45. Antibiotics Staphylococcus aureus & penicillium mold
How some bacteria “resist” antibiotics

46. Controlling Bacteria
Vaccines are used to prevent infection: introduction of mild form to boost immunity. Examples include meningitis, Diphtheria, Tetanus
Antibiotics are used after infection to kill bacteria. Examples are penicillin, amoxicillin, Neosporin (ointment)

47. Controlling Bacteria
Sterilization: heating medical/dental instruments to a temperature high enough to kill bacteria and their endospores
Disinfectants are used on surfaces to kill specific strains of bacteria. Examples are Lysol, bleach

48. Controlling Bacteria
Antiseptics are used on living tissue to kill or reduce the populations of bacteria. Examples are mouthwash, rubbing alcohol and hydrogen peroxide
Food Processing & Storage: Refrigerating foods to slow reproduction, heating foods to proper temperature

49. Bacteria Lab

50. Dinosaur plague video 15min http://video.pbs.org/video/1893797003

51. How do bacteria make people sick?
Pneumonia bacteria experiments by Fredrick Griffith
Oswald Avery – DNA