1. Commercial mortgage loans and fund sources
Real Estate Principles: A Value Approach
Ling and Archer

2. Outline Legal foundations Mortgage products
Application and underwriting
Equity capital

3. Mortgage loan
In a mortgage loan, the borrower always conveys two documents to the lender: (1) a note, and (2) a mortgage.
The note details the financial rights and obligations between borrower and lender, e.g., whether a loan can be paid off early and at what cost, what fees can be charged for late payments, etc.
The mortgage pledges the property as security for the debt.

4. The note
As in residential mortgage financing, the note is the document used to create a legal debt.
The note often deals with (1) amounts and timing of periodic payments, (2) penalties for late payments, (3) record keeping, (4) hazard insurance requirements, (5) property maintenance, and (6) default.

5. The mortgage Again, the mortgage comes with the note.
The commercial mortgage ensures that lenders can have the property sold to satisfy the debt if borrowers default.
Overall, commercial mortgages and notes are not as standardized as home loans.

6. Balloon
A commercial mortgage loan is usually a partially amortized fixed-rate “balloon” mortgage.
25 to 30 year amortization of principle.
5 to 10 year maturity.
Balance of loan at maturity must be refinanced or paid off with a “balloon” payment.
Balloon loans reduces the lender’s interest rate risk because of the short loan term of 5-10 years.

7. Balloon example, I
A 30-year amortization schedule and a 5-year, $5 million mortgage, at 5.56% (5.56%/12=0.4633%) stated rate.
The monthly payment is: -5,000,000 PV; 360 N; I/Y; CPT PMT = $28,577. This relative low payment makes the loan “affordable.”
The final, balloon payment at the end of the 5-year contract is: 300 N; I/Y, PMT; CPT PV = -4,626,716.

8. Balloon example, II
Suppose that the market interest rate jumps from 5.56% to 6%(6%/12=0.5%) immediately after origination of the loan (interest rate shock).
The PV of the 5-year loan goes from $5 million to: 60 N; PMT; FV; 0.5 I/Y; CPT PV = -4,908,280*.
If this were a typical 30-year fully amortized (FV = 0) contract (not a 5-year balloon one), the PV of the loan goes from $5 million to: 360 N; PMT; 0 FV; 0.5 I/Y; CPT PV = -4,766,404**.
* is closer to $5 million than **. So, the balloon loan is less sensitive to interest rate shocks.

9. Restrictions on prepayments
Most fixed-rate commercial mortgages do not allow for prepayment. 2 mechanisms: (1) lock-out, and (2) penalty.
Lock-out: prohibition against prepayment for up to 5 years.
Prepayment penalties, e.g., 2-4% of loan balance.

10. Alternative financing
Floating-rate loans (or I/O loans)
Just like ARMs in residential mortgages.
Based on prime rate or LIBOR (London Interbank Offer Rate).
Joint venture
Sale-leasebacks
Mezzanine financing

11. Joint venture
Usually between a developer (with local knowledge) of a large project and a:
Pension fund.
Life insurance company.
REIT.
The funding institution provides (1) construction financing, (2) long-term mortgage, (3) equity capital, or (4) a combination of them.

12. BTC redevelopment
Devonwood Investors, LLC bought BTC for $25 million in 2013.
Redevelopment permit was obtained in March 2017.
Joint venture with Rouse Properties, a REIT, in April 2017.
Redevelopment costs: $225 million. So, total cost is about $250 million.
About 60% financed by debt: about $150 million debt, $100 million equity.

13. Sale-leaseback, I
Property user (initial owner) sells property to a long-term investor, e.g., a pension fund, REIT, or life insurance company.
User leases property back from the investor and occupies it under long-term net lease.
Triple net lease (nnn): a lease in which tenants are responsible for all 3 major categories of ongoing expenses: property tax, insurance premium, and maintenance.
Net lease (single, double, triple): one or more of the 3 major categories of ongoing expenses is the responsibility of the tenant.

14. Sale-leaseback User benefits: Investor benefits:
Lease payment is deductible for income taxes.
Equity capital is freed up to invest in core business of company.
Restructure capital structure.
Investor benefits:
Can be safe investment (depending on credit worthiness of tenant and contract length).
Inflation hedged (especially if lease payments increase with inflation).

15. Mezzanine financing
Mezzanine debts are supplements underlying first mortgage debt.
Mezzanine debt is often a non-mortgage loan secured by a pledge of ownership shares.
If borrower defaults, lender takes over the borrower’s ownership position.

16. Loan application package
1. Loan request application: the amount request, borrower’s financial statement, credit report, etc.
2. Property description: map, photo, etc.
3. Legal aspects: precise, legal description of the property, deed restrictions, etc.
4. Cash flow estimates: pro forma, DCF analysis, etc.
5. Appraisal report.

17. Commercial underwriting
Lenders focus more on the income-generating ability of the property. Recall that in residential underwriting, lenders focus more on applicant’s characteristics, e.g., creditworthiness and ability to pay).
Lenders must perform a due diligence to determine, essentially, that potential borrowers have not misrepresented the properties in any way.
Loan commitment: if ok, 45 to 90 days after receipt of “package.”

18. Other debts
Land acquisition financing: finance the purchase of raw land.
Land development loan: finance the installation of improvements to the land (sewers, utilities, etc.).
Construction loan: finance the construction of building.

19. Duration of debt
In general, short-term debt is cheaper than long-term debt.
Thus, firms have incentives to use short-term debt to finance long-term properties and assets.
This dangerous practice is characterized by maturity mismatching.

20. Broadway Partners faces the music on short-term debt
“Broadway, a closely held New York-based office investor,… bought several billion dollars of property with short-term debt near the top of the market in 2006 and When real estate markets sized up last summer, Broadway was suddenly put on defense and is now trying to shore up its finances.”
“New York tycoon Harry Macklowe, unable to refinance $7 billion in short-term debt, has agreed to five his lenders the keys to 7 Manhattan towers.”
Source: WSJ, Apr. 23, 2008.

21. Sources of commercial RE debt
Commercial banks
Thrift institutions
Life insurance companies
Mortgage bankers
Commercial MBSs (CMBSs)

22. A commercial bank’s commercial mortgage menu
Wells Fargo Commercial Mortgage offers a full line of commercial mortgage lending and servicing solutions to middle-market investors and developers across the nation. With a full suite of products and services, we can serve virtually any commercial real estate need.
Permanent Debt Finance — Non-recourse (secured), fixed- and variable-rate financing on income-producing properties.
Construction & Project Finance — Construction, interim, and mini-perm financing; construction loan advisory services; and Freddie Mac multifamily financing to middle-market investors, developers, and commercial banking customers.
Commercial Mortgage Servicing — A full range of commercial mortgage backed securities (CMBS) loan servicing for third-party institutional investors, government-sponsored agencies such as Freddie Mac and Fannie Mae, investment banks, life insurance companies, and other financial institutions.

23. Equity financing
Investors can hold equity shares in commercial RE through either (1) direct private investment, or (2) RE securities.
RE securities can be issued in either (1) private markets or (2) public markets, e.g., NYSE.

24. Direct private investment
Individuals (families) can surely invest in commercial real estate, say owning an office building in Manhattan.
Pension funds, public funds (e.g., Alaska Permanent Fund), life insurance companies, and other institutional investors participate in direct private investments as well.
However, most of direct private investments are owned by syndicates.
A syndicate is a group of persons or legal entities who come together to carry out a direct RE investment.

25. Syndicate
RE syndicates are usually organized as limited partnerships (LP) or limited liability companies (LLC).
Limited partnership:
Taxed at individual level (so no double taxation).
Limited liability for some of the partners.
Limited liability company:
Limited liability for owners.
No double taxation.

26. Syndicator
Syndicator organizes the investors and manages the activities of the enterprise.
Usually a well-known RE businessperson in a local RE community.
Syndicator is general partner (GP) in LP or managing member in LLC.
Develop concept; raise money; acquire RE; professional management; disposition.

27. Syndication regulation
Under Federal Securities Acts of 1933 and 1934, all RE syndications are “securities.”
All securities are subject to federal and state securities laws.
SEC has responsibility for administering federal securities laws:
All offerings are registered with SEC, unless exempted.
Every state also has securities laws.

28. RE securities: REITs
RE securities have became increasingly important over time.
Among RE securities, real estate investment trusts (REITs) are the dominant form of equity financing.

29. The growth: REIT $ offerings

30. Listing status Public, listed REITs Public, non-listed REITs
Private (non-listed) REITs

31. REIT status REITs are “pass-through” public corporations.
REITs are not taxed at the corporate level if:
At least 100 shareholders.
At least 75% of assets in RE, cash, or government securities.
At least 75% of gross income comes from RE assets.
90% of REIT taxable income must be paid out in dividends each year.

32. Benefits being REITs
REITs are kind of like closed-end mutual funds for investing in real estate.
Diversification benefits.
Liquidity, thus higher RE values, if listed.

33. REIT types Equity REITs Mortgage REITs Office Retail Industrial Hotel
Health care
Apartment
Self-storage
Non-traditional
Mortgage REITs