1. Nutrition
Objective: You will be able to compare and contrast the impacts of proteins, lipids, and carbohydrates on the body.

2. Organisms that use light energy from the sun to produce food—autotrophs (auto = self)
Ex: plants and some microorganisms (some bacteria and protists)

3. Photosynthesis Starting Materials Process Products Energy (sunlight)
Carbon Dioxide
Water
The chloroplasts take the sunlight, carbon dioxide and water and makes food
Sugars
Oxygen

4. Organisms that CANNOT use the sun’s energy to make food—heterotrophs
Ex: animals and most microorganisms

5. Cellular Respiration Starting Materials Process Products Sugars Oxygen
The mitochondria takes the sugar and the oxygen and makes energy
Energy (ATP)
Carbon Dioxide
Water

6. HOW THEY RELATE TO EACH OTHER:

7. Cells require a constant source of energy for life processes, but keep only a small amount of ATP on hand.
Cells can regenerate ATP as needed by using the energy stored in foods…BUT HOW & WHERE DO THEY GET IT?

8. Nutrients – substances in food that provides body with raw materials and energy to carry out essential processes
Carbohydrates (Sugar)
Lipids (Fats)
Proteins
Water, vitamins and minerals are not a source of energy, but are also necessary for an organism to function

9. Minerals and Vitamins
These are not food, but are necessary for organisms to carry out biological processes.
Minerals: (not made by living things)
Ca (calcium): used for muscle movement, for nerves to carry messages between the brain and every body part, for structural strength of bones and teeth
Iron: needed by red blood cells to carry oxygen, used by muscles to store oxygen.
Salt (NaCl): needed to help maintain correct fluid levels, transfer information in muscle and nerve fibers
Vitamins: (made by living things) most vitamins function as catalysts for reactions within the body. Many of the enzymes in your body don’t “work” unless their physical structure is changed by a vitamin

10. Food’s Pathway to Energy
Does your body get the same thing from every type of nutrient?

11. Carbohydrates Energy rich Made up of: C, H, and O
Simple sugars - glucose
Complex carbohydrates – made up of many simple sugars attached to each other
Starch – potatoes, rice
Cellulose – make up plant cell walls
Found in cell membranes, other cell parts, and store energy

12. Carbohydrates Key Details:
Carbohydrates are natural sugars and starches produced by plants.
Carbohydrates are produced by plants through the process of photosynthesis.
They are a part of the Carbon/Oxygen cycle.
ENERGY is stored in the chemical bonds of carbohydrates.

13. Lipids (Fats) Contain more than 2x the energy of carbohydrates
Source of stored energy
Include fatty acids, oils & waxes
Protect internal organs
Insulate the body

14. Lipids (Fats) Key details: Fats, oils, and waxes are all lipids.
Lipids are nonpolar, so they do not mix with water.
Cell membranes are made of lipids because of this water repelling property.
Like carbohydrates, lipids are made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.
There is lots of STORED ENERGY in the chemical bonds of lipids. (even more than in a carbohydrate.)

15. Proteins For tissue growth and repair
Made of amino acids joined together
Essential for normal cell structure and function.
Enzymes speed up chemical reactions
Can be used for energy, but not as typical

16. Protein
Key Details:
Proteins are large organic molecules consisting of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and sometimes sulfur (Proteins are a part of the Nitrogen cycle.)
Proteins are made up of smaller molecules called amino acids.
Proteins make up many parts of our cells and the organelles in our cells.
Enzymes are a type of protein that controls all the chemical processes in our bodies.

17. Where do we find them?
How do we use them?

18. Carbohydrates ENERGY FIBER (from cellulose in plant cell wall)
Carbohydrates are found in:
PLANT sources like:
Fruits
Vegetables
Beans
Rice
Nuts and seeds
Grains
We need carbohydrates for:
ENERGY
FIBER (from cellulose in plant cell wall)

19. Proteins Proteins are found in: Animal sources: Plant sources:
Meat
Dairy
Eggs
Plant sources:
Nuts and seeds
Beans and peas
We need proteins for:
The amino acids in proteins are the building blocks of all our cells.
To build and repair our cells.
Proteins make enzymes that control all of our bodies processes.

20. Lipids Stored Energy. Lipids are found in: Animal sources:
Meat and seafood
Eggs and dairy
Plant sources:
Nuts and seeds (ex: sunflower seed oil, coconut oil, or corn oil)
Olives
Avocados
We need lipids for:
Stored Energy.
Transporting vitamins and nutrients.
Keeping our cell membranes flexible and waterproof.
Cushioning for our organs.

21. What is Good or
Bad about them?

22. Carbohydrates Carbs to LIMIT:
Simple sugars like soda, juice, candy, cookies, etc.
Over-Processed grains like white bread, crackers, pastries, white rice.
Healthy Carbs:
Fruits and VEGETABLES :)
Eat lots of variety and color
Eat them in their natural form including the skin.
Minimally processed Grains like stone ground wheat, oats, barley, quinoa, brown rice.
Beans, lentils, and peas.

23. Carbohydrates
Diabetes:
Type 1 (juvenile) diabetes - The body’s own immune system attacks the pancreas destroying the islet cells. The islet cells are what sense glucose in the blood and tells the body to release the correct amount of insulin. Without insulin the cells can NOT absorb the glucose in the blood. This results in damaging high blood sugar levels and cells that are starved for energy.
Type 2 diabetes - Individuals do not produce enough insulin or their cells have stopped responding to their insulin properly.

24. Proteins Proteins to LIMIT: Red meat (high in saturated fats)
Dark meat poultry and pork (high in fats, especially the skin)
Healthy Proteins:
Seafood
Nuts and seeds
Beans and peas
Eggs and low-fat dairy
Lean meat

25. Proteins Kidney disease:
Your kidneys filter extra water and wastes out of your blood and make urine. Individuals that eat too much protein can overwork their kidneys and cause them to become damaged or to fail.
Your doctor can test your urine to look for extra proteins in your urine, which can be a sign of kidney disease.

26. Lipids (Fats) Lipids to LIMIT:
Avoid anything that has Partially Hydrogenated fats (trans fats).
Margarine, fried foods, shelf-stable baked goods
Limit Saturated fats (butter, beef and pork fat)
Healthy Lipids:
Nuts and seeds, avocados
Seafood
Vegetable oils (olive oil, canola oil, peanut oil, etc.)

27. Lipids (Fats) Heart Disease:
A heart attack happens when an artery becomes blocked, preventing oxygen and nutrients from getting to the cells of the heart.
Stroke:
A stroke is a “brain attack”. It occurs when an artery becomes blocked, preventing oxygen and nutrients from getting to the cells of the brain. That part of the brain is damaged and can not do its normal function.

28. Lipid Molecules (Fats)
Carbohydrate molecule
(Sugar)
Lipid Molecules (Fats)
Protein molecule

29. The Simple Story of How Food Becomes Energy
How is the food you just put in your mouth being broken down so your cells can actually use it as energy?
Once it is small enough to be used by a cell what happens on the cellular level?

30. The source of your nutrient
Assignment: Select which of the 5 major nutrients you will use for your book page.
You are part of a group of illustrators that work for a children’s book company.
You have been hired to illustrate a book for elementary students about what happens to food when you eat it.
You will choose a specific type of nutrient (carbohydrate, fat, etc..) to focus on. Using your knowledge from this lesson, create a page for the book that illustrates:
The pathway from your mouth to your cells – how is it used to create energy?
The source of your nutrient
Why it is important to your body – in other words, what does it provide for you?