1. The Holocaust

2. Anti -Semitism Aryan Race
This is the term given to political, social and economic agitation against Jews. In simple terms it means ‘Hatred of Jews’.
Aryan Race
This was the name of what Hitler believed was the perfect race. These were people with full German blood, blonde hair and blue eyes.

3. For hundreds of years Christian Europe had regarded the Jews as the Christ -killers. At one time or another Jews had been driven out of almost every European country. The way they were treated in England in the thirteenth century is a typical example.
In 1275 they were made to wear a yellow badge.
In Jews were hanged in the Tower of London.
This deep prejudice against Jews was still strong in the twentieth century, especially in Germany, Poland and Eastern Europe, where the Jewish population was very large.
After the First World War hundreds of Jews were blamed for the defeat in the War. Prejudice against the Jews grew during the economic depression which followed. Many Germans were poor and unemployed and wanted someone to blame. They turned on the Jews, many of whom were rich and successful in business.

4. Nazis Begin Persecution
Nuremberg Laws- Laws that denied German citizenship to Jews, banned marriages between Jews and non-Jews and segregated Jews at every level of society.
Wanted the “Final Solution” to get rid of Jews.
Propaganda produced intended to turn people against Jews.

5. Pre-war German Propaganda
Anti-Jewish propaganda book "The Poisonous Mushroom” Germany, c

6. Nazi propaganda photo depicts friendship between an "Aryan" and a black woman. The caption states: "The result! A loss of racial pride."

7. Kristallnacht “Night of the Broken Glass”
Attacks on Jews in Germany, Austria and the Sudetenland.
Secret police and military units destroyed more than 1500 synagogues and 7500 Jewish owned businesses, killed more than 200 Jews and injured more than 600. Thousands were arrested.

9. Jewish Refugees Face Obstacles
Between 1933 and 1937 about 129,000 Jews fled Germany and Austria. (including Albert Einstein)
Because of the worldwide depression in the 1930s many Jews were not welcome in other countries.
Many were sent back to where they came from.

10. Concentration Camps
Place where a groups of people were confined. Usually not designed to kill but rather make the members useful in the Third Reich. Tattooed numbers on arms and dressed in striped uniforms. Different colors worn by different groups. ex. Pink=homosexuals, Jews= yellow, red= political prisoners.

11. SLIDE 25 - PEOPLE LOADING ON TO TRAINS
Trains used to transport the Jews to the camps.
Boxcars built to hold 8 horses or 40 people were used to transport no fewer than 100 people, often as many as 200 people, were jammed into a boxcar
Crowded conditions – You could not sit down; no food, no water, no lights and no bathrooms. The people who were crushed to death were left on board with the living until the boxcar reached the camp.
The only fresh air came from a small vent at one end of the boxcar or a small window at the other end.
The train rides could last days.
Thousands died - because the people coming from the ghettos were already malnourished or diseased and could not survive the transport.

12. Crowded Conditions SLIDE 29 - LIVING CONDITIONS WITHIN THE CAMP
The young, the healthy, and those with skills needed by camp officials were sent to a camp. In the camp, their heads were shaved and they were herded into overcrowded barracks. They were assigned a number and a uniform that looked like a black and white striped pajama. In Auschwitz, a number was tattooed on the prisoner's forearm. Men and women were assigned to different barracks. Everyone had a job.
Many prisoners were assigned jobs in factories built near the camps. The factories produced items essential for the war effort. Hair that was shaved from victims was used to stuff mattresses or pillows; gold removed from both living and dead prisoners was melted into bricks; any other metal was sent to the factory to be made into bullets.
Camp rules were strict - a prisoner has to obey or he was punished or killed. Many times the guards were sadistic - they could punish a prisoner any way they chose and nobody cared. When prisoners were fed, they were given bread made from sawdust and one bowl of vegetable broth made from rotten vegetables.
All punishments were cruel and inhumane. Some prisoners were whipped, others were hung by their arms and left for long periods of time.

13. SLIDE 31 - PILE OF BODIES AND VICTIM OF EXPERIMENT
Photo credit: German National Archives
SLIDE 31 - PILE OF BODIES AND VICTIM OF EXPERIMENT
Scores of Nazi doctors and medical researchers were given permission to carry out medical experiments on people in the camp where specially equipped laboratories were built.
Dr. Josef Mengele, "Angel of Death," was in charge of the staff, which performed the medical experiments in the name of “scientific research”. The experiments were a form of torture because none were done using anesthesia.
Children as well as adults were used in experiments.
People were injected with terrible diseases; organs were removed, and some experiments were done for specific reasons. For example, men were placed in cold water to see how long they could live before they succumbed to hypothermia. This experiment provided the Nazis with a time limit on how long their pilots could survive in water if they were shot down over the Baltic or North Sea.
Every experiment was documented.

14. SLIDE 32 - YOUNG BABY WITH TATTOO
Notice that this baby has a tattoo.
Because most children were immediately killed, it is likely this baby was part of a study that used twins for experiments preformed by Nazi doctors.

15. Many killed by unrestricted guards.
Starvation and disease was a problem
Medical experiments were also known to happen.
Mentally ill, too old, too young, and crippled were usually immediately sent to death.

17. Dr. Josef Mengele “ANGEL OF DEATH” Arrived in Auschwitz in May of 1943
SS Doctor who had power of life/death
performed medical experiments on Jewish children
“ANGEL OF DEATH”

18. MEDICAL EXPERIMENTS Sterilization of men and women
endurance of pain to high and low temperatures and pressure
experiments on twins to increase number of multiple births to Aryan women
injections of phenol to kill patients
Dr. Mengele attempted to sew children together to make Siamese twins

19. MEDICAL EXPERIMENTS EXTRACTED HUMAN ORGANS
EXPERIMENTS ON CHILDREN IN AUSCHWITZ

20. A prisoner in a compression chamber loses consciousness (and later dies) during an experiment to determine altitudes at which aircraft crews could survive without oxygen. Dachau, Germany, 1942.

21. A Romani (Gypsy) victim of Nazi medical experiments to make seawater potable. Dachau concentration camp, Germany, 1944.

22. Percentage of Jews killed in each country
AUSTRIA 35%
POLAND 91%
USSR 36%
NORWAY 45%
BELGIUM 45%
LUXEMBOURG 55%
ESTONIA 44%
ROMANIA 84%
A Total of 6,000,000 Jews
HUNGARY 74%
YUGOSLAVIA 81%
BOHEMIA 60%
How did they manage to get together all these Jews to kills them?
How did they kill them when they had them?
To begin with there were concentration camps.
LATVIA 84%
NETHERLANDS 71%
LITHUANIA 85%
GERMANY 36%
FRANCE 22%
GREECE 87%

23. A MAP OF THE CONCENTRATION CAMPS AND DEATH CAMPS USED BY THE NAZIS.
There were concentration camps and death camps. If you went to a death camp the chances of coming out alive were virtually nil.
Even at concentration camps though you were likely to die from the appalling conditions.
Or, if you were very young, old, or incapable of hard labour, it was likely you would be transferred to a death camp too.
Anne Frank died at Belsen from Typhoid.
Leonard Leher's mother and sisters were sent to Sobibor.
YOU MAY ASK "WHO WERE THESE PEOPLE WHO WERE SENT TO PLACES LIKE THIS?"
THEY WERE CHILDREN JUST LIKE YOU. THE ONLY DIFFERENCE WAS THEIR RACE AND THE RELIGION THEY FOLLOWED.

24. Death Camps Part of Hitler’s “Final Solution”
Plan was to exterminate 11,000,000 Jews.
Death camps are where individuals are taken to by exterminated (killed).
Auschwitz= Most well known
Victims were gassed, shot to death, and bodies were burned or buried in mass graves.
Included Jews, Catholics, prisoners of war, homosexuals, anyone opposing Hitler.

25. 16 of the 44 children taken from a French children’s home.
They were sent to a concentration camp and later to Auschwitz.
ONLY 1 SURVIVED
HOW DID THEY KILL THESE INNOCENT CHILDREN, ALONG WITH THEIR PARENTS, GRANDPARENTS, FRIENDS ETC..
YOU WILL ALL HAVE PROBABLY HEARD OF THE WAY NAZiS GASSED THE JEWS.
A group of children at a concentration camp in Poland.

26. Part of a stockpile of Zyklon-B poison gas pellets found at Majdanek death camp.
Before poison gas was used , Jews were gassed in mobile gas vans. Carbon monoxide gas from the engine’s exhaust was fed into the sealed rear compartment. Victims were dead by the time they reached the burial site.
THIS IS THE GAS THAT WAS INTRODUCED IN 1942.
JEWS WERE SENT INTO SEALED SHOWER UNITS ON THE PRETENCE THAT THEY WERE GOING TO BE SHOWERED. PELLETS WERE THEN PLACED INTO THE SHOWER HEADS AND GAS CAME FROM THE SHOWERS INSTEAD OF WATER.
15 MINUTES LATER THE SHOWER ROOM WOULD BE EMPTIED, BODIES WERE ALWAYS IN A PYRAMID SHAPE, PEOPLE TRIED TO CLIMB ON TOP OF ONE ANOTHER TO ESCAPE THE GAS.
BEFORE THIS TYPE OF KILLING METHOD WAS INTRODUCED THOUGH A MORE PRIMITIVE GASSING METHOD WAS USED....
I DON'T KNOW HOW, OR EVEN WHY THIS PHOTO WAS TAKEN, BUT IT SHOWS SOME MEN AWAITING DEATH ON THEIR WAY TO THEIR BURIAL PLACE.
DID THEY ALWAYS BURY THE DEAD?

27. Smoke rises as the bodies are burnt.
NO.
MORE OFTEN THAN NOT, ESPECIALLY WHEN THE NUMBER OF PEOPLE MURDERED GREW ESPECIALLY HIGH, NAZIS BURNED THE BODIES.
SO WHAT OTHER METHODS WERE USED TO SYSTEMATICALLY MURDER THESE PEOPLE?

28. Jewish women, some holding infants, are forced to wait in a line before their execution by Germans and Ukrainian collaborators.
MASS EXECUTION USING A FIRING SQUAD WAS COMMON.
THESE WOMEN HAVE BEEN ORDERED TO REMOVE EVERYTHING, CLOTHES, JEWELLERY, EVEN WEDDING RINGS AND ARE BEING FORCED TO LINE UP AND WAIT FOR THEIR TURN TO BE KILLED.
SOME TIME LATER...

29. A German policeman shoots individual Jewish women who remain alive in the ravine after the mass execution.
THEY HAVE BEEN ORDERED TO LIE, FACE DOWN ON THE GROUND AND HAVE BEEN SHOT.
THE GERMAN POLICEMAN IS SHOOTING INDIVIDUALS WHO HAVE ESCAPED DEATH FROM THE INITIAL ROUND OF BULLETS.
THIS IS HORRIFIC BUT WE CANNOT SEE THE INDIVIDUAL FACES OF THOSE KILLED, WE DON'T REALLY KNOW WHO THEY ARE OR WHAT THEY REALLY LOOKED LIKE.
SO TAKE A LOOK AT THIS NEXT PICTURE...

30. Portrait of two-year- old Mania Halef, a Jewish child who was among the 33,771 persons shot by the SS during the mass executions at Babi Yar, September,
THIS PICTURE TELLS US A LOT.
HER PARENTS ARE OBVIOUSLY WEALTHY ENOUGH TO HAVE HAD A PORTRAIT DONE, SO IT SHOWS US THAT THE STATUS OF THE JEWS DID NOT MATTER TO THE NAZIS. IT WAS NOT JUST THE POOR WHICH WERE KILLED.
THEY WERE KILLED REGARDLESS OF WEALTH OR STATUS, THEIR DEATH WAS DETERMINED BY RELIGION AND RACE.

31. Nazis sift through a huge pile of clothes left by victims of the massacre.
Two year old Mani Halef’s clothes are somewhere amongst these.
GIVES SOME IDEA OF THE NUMBER OF PEOPLE.
BUT WHY DID THE NAZI WANT THEM TO REMOVE THEIR CLOTHES?
WHAT DID THEY WANT WITH THEIR JEWELLERY, CLOTHES, EVEN HAIR?

32. Bales of hair shaven from women at Auschwitz, used to make felt-yarn.
THESE PICTURES SHOW WHAT THEY WANTED.
WERE THE NAZI'S NOT WORRIED ABOUT THE CONSEQUENCES OF THEIR ACTIONS?
DID THEY NOT THINK ABOUT WHAT MIGHT HAPPEN IF ALLIED COUNTRIES DISCOVERED WHAT WAS HAPPENING?
After liberation, an Allied soldier displays a stash of gold wedding rings taken from victims at Buchenwald.

33. In 1943, when the number of murdered Jews exceeded 1 million
In 1943, when the number of murdered Jews exceeded 1 million. Nazis ordered the bodies of those buried to be dug up and burned to destroy all traces.
OBVIOUSLY TOWARDS THE END OF THE WAR THEY TRIED TO COVER THEIR TRACKS.
IT WAS NOT GUILT THOUGH AND THEY DID NOT DO THE WORK THEMSELVES. THEY MADE JEWS AND OTHER PRISONERS OF WAR DIG UP THE BODIES AND BURN THEM INSTEAD.
Soviet POWs at forced labor in 1943 exhuming bodies in the ravine at Babi Yar, where the Nazis had murdered over 33,000 Jews in September of 1941.

34. Early Response
U.S. could have helped if we let more Jewish people come in to the country.
Why didn’t we help? Great Depression, Anti-Semitism, underestimation of Hitler. We wanted to stay neutral. Isolationism!

35. U.S. Government Takes Action
War Refugee Board FDR= saved thousands of Jews.
Stalin showed no concern about what Hitler was doing.
Camps were not military targets. We concentrated on defeating Hitler, not helping victims.

36. Allied Soldiers Liberate the Camps
Soldiers were unprepared for what they saw at the camps.
Many Americans did not realize the extent of the problem until after the camps were liberated.
Many Jews found refuge or home in the U.S.
President Truman immediately recognized the New Nation of Israel in 1948.

37. Have Any Genocides Occurred Since the Holocaust?
Holocaust refers specifically to the Jewish/Undesirables Genocide we have presented today
Genocide - mass murder of a group of people
Kurdish genocide in Turkey and Iraq
Rwandan genocide in Africa
1991 – Bosnian genocide in Europe
SLIDE 48 – GENOCIDE
Definition - Mass murder of a group of people.
This presentation focuses on the Jewish genocide, named the Holocaust.
Left click to make the last 3 bullets appear.
There is and will only ever be one Holocaust, however, there have been other genocides, even some in recent times such as the Kurds in Northern Iraq, the Muslims and Serbs in Bosnia and the Rwandan genocide in Africa.
Death tolls in these genocides are not clearly documented – reports widely vary. Some reports claim the death toll in Rwanda to be as high as a half a million dead.

38. STATISTICS BY COUNTRY
Jewish population before, Jewish population after Holocaust