1. Date of download: 3/2/2018
Copyright © ASME. All rights reserved.
From: Primary Blast Brain Injury Mechanisms: Current Knowledge, Limitations, and Future Directions
J Biomech Eng. 2018;140(2): doi: /
Figure Legend:
Pressure profiles from a Pitot tube sensor in an advanced blast simulator. The stagnation, or total, pressure is measured at the tip of the sensor, and initially measures reflected pressure as the shock front reflects off it. The pressure then quickly drops to the stagnation pressure. A side-on pressure transducer is 127 mm behind the tip of the tube measuring overpressure.

2. Date of download: 3/2/2018
Copyright © ASME. All rights reserved.
From: Primary Blast Brain Injury Mechanisms: Current Knowledge, Limitations, and Future Directions
J Biomech Eng. 2018;140(2): doi: /
Figure Legend:
Friedlander waveform with key elements labeled. The area under the curve during the positive and negative phases of the wave is shaded to show the positive and negative impulses. It is important to note that everything is with respect to atmospheric pressure and not P = 0.

3. Date of download: 3/2/2018
Copyright © ASME. All rights reserved.
From: Primary Blast Brain Injury Mechanisms: Current Knowledge, Limitations, and Future Directions
J Biomech Eng. 2018;140(2): doi: /
Figure Legend:
Representation of the interface between the air and the head as a shock wave is encountered. The dashed gray and solid white lines are proportional to the amount of the wave that would either be transmitted or reflected, respectively. Here, the impedance value of skin is used for the scalp and that of water for the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Note that only 0.005% of the blast wave would be transmitted to the brain.

4. Date of download: 3/2/2018
Copyright © ASME. All rights reserved.
From: Primary Blast Brain Injury Mechanisms: Current Knowledge, Limitations, and Future Directions
J Biomech Eng. 2018;140(2): doi: /
Figure Legend:
Skull flexure theory contributes injury to a multimodal biomechanical response initiated by the incident blast wave reflected off the skull, which results in a series of compression and tension oscillations

5. Date of download: 3/2/2018
Copyright © ASME. All rights reserved.
From: Primary Blast Brain Injury Mechanisms: Current Knowledge, Limitations, and Future Directions
J Biomech Eng. 2018;140(2): doi: /
Figure Legend:
Schematic representation of the effects of bifurcations and vessel size on blood flow. Areas of blue indicate areas that may be subject to large stress resulting from kinetic energy associated with a volumetric surge of blood. Following bifurcations, vessel diameter decreases, causing increased resistance to flow.

6. Date of download: 3/2/2018
Copyright © ASME. All rights reserved.
From: Primary Blast Brain Injury Mechanisms: Current Knowledge, Limitations, and Future Directions
J Biomech Eng. 2018;140(2): doi: /
Figure Legend:
Diagram of a pressure wave exiting a shock tube. Note the dark orange areas of high pressure at the blast front, but also at the vortex rings just outside the shock tube. Over time, these vortex rings will propagate outward.