1. Lesson 3 Eclipses and Tides Chapter Wrap-Up
Chapter Introduction
Lesson 1 Earth’s Motion
Lesson 2 Earth’s Moon
Lesson 3 Eclipses and Tides
Chapter Wrap-Up
Jason Reed/Photodisc/Getty Images
Chapter Menu

2. What natural phenomena do the motions of Earth and the Moon produce?
Chapter Introduction

3. What do you think?
Before you begin, decide if you agree or disagree with each of these statements. As you view this presentation, see if you change your mind about any of the statements.
Chapter Introduction

4. Do you agree or disagree?
1. Earth’s movement around the Sun causes sunrises and sunsets.
2. Earth has seasons because its distance from the Sun changes throughout the year.
3. The Moon was once a planet that orbited the Sun between Earth and Mars.
Chapter Introduction

5. Do you agree or disagree?
4. Earth’s shadow causes the changing appearance of the Moon.
5. A solar eclipse happens when Earth moves between the Moon and the Sun.
6. The gravitational pull of the Moon and the Sun on Earth’s oceans causes tides.
Chapter Introduction

6. Lesson 1 Reading Guide - KC
Earth’s Motion
How does Earth move?
Why is Earth warmer at the equator and colder at the poles?
Why do the seasons change as Earth moves around the Sun?
Lesson 1 Reading Guide - KC

7. Lesson 1 Reading Guide - Vocab
Earth’s Motion
orbit
revolution
rotation
rotation axis
solstice
equinox
Lesson 1 Reading Guide - Vocab

8. Earth and the Sun The nearest star to Earth is the Sun.
The Sun is approximately 150 million km from Earth.
The Sun’s diameter is more than 100 times greater than Earth’s diameter.
Lesson 1-1

9. In the Sun, atoms combine during nuclear fusion producing huge amounts of energy.
Some of the Suns energy reaches Earth as thermal energy and light.

10. Earth and the Sun (cont.)
Earth moves around the Sun in a nearly circular path.
Lesson 1-1

11. Earth and the Sun (cont.)
The motion of one object around another object is called revolution.
The path an object follows as it moves around another object is an orbit.
Earth makes one complete revolution around the Sun every days or approximately one year.
Lesson 1-1

12. Earth moves around the Sun because of the pull of gravity between Earth and the Sun.
The force of gravity between two objects depends on the mass of the objects and how far apart they are.

13. Earth and the Sun (cont.)
What produces Earth’s revolution around the Sun?
Lesson 1-1

14. Earth and the Sun (cont.)
Earth orbits the Sun because the Sun’s gravity pulls on the Earth.
Lesson 1-1

15. Earth and the Sun (cont.)
A spinning motion is called rotation.
The line on which an object rotates is the rotation axis.
Looking at Earth from above the North Pole, Earth rotates in a counterclockwise direction from west to east.
Earth’s rotation makes the Sun appear to rise in the east.
Lesson 1-1

16. It takes one day for Earth to complete on rotation.
Earth’s rotation axis is always tilted in the same direction.
During half of Earth’s orbit, the north end of the rotation axis is toward the Sun and during the other half the north end of the rotation axis is away from the Sun

17. The Sun shines on the part of Earth that faces the Sun.

18. Temperature and Latitude
Because Earth’s surface is curved, different parts of Earth’s surface receive different amounts of the Sun’s energy.
Lesson 1-2

19. Temperature and Latitude (cont.)
Relative to the direction of a beam of sunlight, Earth’s surface tends to become more tilted as you move away from the equator.
Why is Earth warmer at the equator and colder at the poles?
Lesson 1-2

20. Temperature and Latitude (cont.)
The energy in a beam of sunlight tends to become more spread out the farther you travel from the equator
Lesson 1-2

21. Temperature and Latitude (cont.)
Regions near the poles receive less energy than regions near the equator, which means Earth is colder at the poles and warmer at the equator.
Lesson 1-2

22. Seasons
During one half of Earth’s orbit, the north end of the rotation axis is toward the Sun.
Lesson 1-3

23. Seasons (cont.)
Due to Earth’s tilt, the northern hemisphere receives more solar energy.
Temperatures increase in the northern hemisphere and decrease in the southern hemisphere.
This is when spring and summer happen in the northern hemisphere, and fall and winter happen in the southern hemisphere.
Lesson 1-3

24. During the other half of Earth’s orbit, the north end of the rotation axis is away from the Sun.
Lesson 1-3

25. Because of the tilt of Earth’s axis, Earth’s surface becomes more tilted as you move away from the equator.
As a result of this tilt, regions of Earth near the poles receive less energy than regions near the equator.

26. Seasons (cont.)
Earth’s seasons change in a yearly cycle because of the tilt of its rotation axis and Earth’s motion around the Sun.
The end of Earth’s axis that is tilted toward the Sun receives more energy from the Sun.
Lesson 1-3

27. The part of Earth tilted toward the Sun experiences seasons of spring and summer. If the northern end of Earth’s axis leans toward the Sun, it is spring or summer in the northern hemisphere.
The part of Earth tilted away from the Sun experiences season of autumn and winter. If the southern end of Earth’s axis leans toward the Sun, it is fall or winter in the northern hemisphere.

28. Seasons (cont.)
How does the tilt of Earth’s rotation axis affect Earth’s weather?
Lesson 1-3

29. Seasons (cont.)
There are four days each year when the direction of Earth’s rotation axis is special relative to the Sun.
Lesson 1-3

30. Seasons (cont.)
A solstice is a day when Earth’s rotation axis is the most toward or away from the Sun.
Lesson 1-3

31. Solstices occur twice each year.
The June solstice is the first day of summer in the northern hemisphere.
On the December solstice, the northern end of Earth’s rotation axis lean the most away from the Sun.

32. Seasons (cont.)
An equinox is a day when Earth’s rotation axis is leaning along Earth’s orbit, neither toward nor away from the Sun.
Lesson 1-3

33. The September equinox marks the first day of fall in the northern hemisphere.
The March equinox marks the first day of spring in the northern hemisphere.
The Sun’s apparent path through the sky in the northern hemisphere is higher near the June solstice and lower near the December solstice.

34. Seasons (cont.) equinox
from Latin equinoxium, means “equality of night and day”
Lesson 1-3

35. Seasons (cont.)
The Sun’s apparent path through the sky in the northern hemisphere is lowest on the December solstice and highest on the June solstice.
Lesson 1-3

36. The gravitational pull of the Sun causes Earth to revolve around the Sun in a near-circular orbit.
Lesson 1 - VS

37. Earth’s rotation axis is tilted and always points in the same direction in space.
Lesson 1 - VS

38. Equinoxes and solstices are days when the direction of Earth’s rotation axis relative to the Sun is special.
Lesson 1 - VS

39. Which body’s gravitational pull causes the Earth to orbit the Sun?
A. Earth
B. Sun
C. Moon
D. none of these
Lesson 1 – LR1

40. A. The surface becomes less tilted. B. The surface becomes flat.
Relative to the direction of a beam of sunlight, what happens to Earth’s surface as you move away from the equator?
A. The surface becomes less tilted.
B. The surface becomes flat.
C. The surface becomes more tilted.
D. There is no change in the relationship.
Lesson 1 – LR2

41. Which term refers to the motion of one object around another object?
A. orbit
B. rotation
C. rotation axis
D. revolution
Lesson 1 – LR3

42. 1. Earth’s movement around the Sun causes sunrises and sunsets.
Do you agree or disagree?
1. Earth’s movement around the Sun causes sunrises and sunsets.
2. Earth has seasons because its distance from the Sun changes throughout the year.
Lesson 1 - Now

43. Lesson 2 Reading Guide - KC
Earth’s Moon
How does the Moon move around Earth?
Why does the Moon’s appearance change?
Lesson 2 Reading Guide - KC

44. Lesson 2 Reading Guide - Vocab
Earth’s Moon
maria
phase
waxing phase
waning phase
Lesson 2 Reading Guide - Vocab

45. Seeing the Moon The Moon does not emit its own light.
You only see the Moon because light from the Sun reflects off the Moon and into your eyes.
Lesson 2-1

46. The Moon’s Formation
According to the giant impact hypothesis, the Moon formed shortly after the Earth about 4.6 billion years ago, an object about the size of the planet Mars collided with Earth.
Lesson 2-2

47. The Moon’s Formation (cont.)
The impact ejected vaporized rock that formed a ring around Earth.
Lesson 2-2

48. The Moon’s Formation (cont.)
Eventually, the material in the ring cooled and clumped together and formed the Moon.
Lesson 2-2

49. The Moon’s Formation (cont.)
The surface of the Moon was shaped early in its history.
Moon’s craters were formed when objects from space crashed into the Moon.
Light-colored streaks called rays extend in all directions from some craters.
Lesson 2-2

50. On Earth, wind, water, and plate tectonics have erased craters
On Earth, wind, water, and plate tectonics have erased craters. The Moon has no wind, water, or plate tectonics.

51. The Moon’s Formation (cont.)
The large, dark, flat areas on the Moon are called maria.
maria
from Latin mare, means “sea”
Lesson 2-2

52. The Moon’s Formation (cont.)
When the maria formed, lava flowed up through the Moon’s crust and solidified, covering many of the Moon’s craters and other features.
The light-colored highlands are too high for the lava that formed the maria to reach.
Lesson 2-2

53. The Moon’s Motion The Moon rotates as it revolves around Earth.
One complete rotation of the Moon takes 27.3 days, meaning the Moon makes one rotation in the same amount of time that it makes one revolution around Earth.
Lesson 2-3

54. The Moon’s Motion (cont.)
What produces the Moon’s revolution around Earth?
Lesson 2-3

55. The Moon’s Motion (cont.)
Because the Moon takes the same amount of time to orbit Earth and make one rotation, the same side of the Moon is always facing Earth.
This side of the Moon is called the near side.
The side of the Moon that cannot be see from Earth is called the far side of the moon.
Lesson 2-3

56. The Moon’s Motion (cont.)
Lesson 2-3

57. Phases of the Moon
The lit part of the Moon or a planet that can be seen from Earth is called a phase.
phase
Science Use how the Moon or a planet is lit as seen from earth
Common Use a part of something or a stage of development
Lesson 2-4

58. Phases of the Moon change because of the revolution of the Moon around Earth.
A lunar cycle- the sequence of moon phases- takes 29.5 days to complete.

59. The motion of the Moon around Earth causes the phase of the Moon to change.
Jason Reed/Photodisc/Getty Images
Lesson 2-4

60. Lesson 2-4

61. Phases of the Moon (cont.)
What produces the phases of the Moon?
Lesson 2-4

62. Phases of the Moon (cont.)
The sequences of phases is the lunar cycle.
During the waxing phases, more of the Moon’s near side is lit each night.
After the first week of the lunar cycle, the Moon’s entire western half is lit.
Lesson 2-4

63. This phase is called the first quarter phase.
During the second week of the lunar cycle, when the Moon’s near side is completely lit, it is at the full moon phase.

64. During the waning phases, less of the Moon’s near side is lit each night.
During the third week of the lunar cycle, only the eastern half of the Moon is lit.
This phase is called the third quarter phase.
At the end of the lunar cycle, you cannot see any of the lit side of the Moon which is called the new moon phase.

65. Phases of the Moon (cont.)
Lesson 2-5

66. According to the giant impact hypothesis, a large object collided with Earth about 4.5 billion years ago to form the Moon.
Lesson 2 - VS

67. Features like maria, craters, and highlands formed on the Moon’s surface early in its history.
The Moon’s phases change in a regular pattern during the Moon’s lunar cycle.
Jason Reed/Photodisc/Getty Images
Lesson 2 - VS

68. What features of the moon were formed when objects from space crashed into it?
A. maria
B. craters
C. highlands
D. phases
Lesson 2 – LR1

69. What term is given to the side of the Moon always facing Earth?
A. far side
B. phase
C. near side
D. maria
Lesson 2 – LR2

70. Which of these is characterized by more of the Moon’s near side being lit each night?
A. waxing phase
B. waning phase
C. lunar cycle
D. full moon
Lesson 2 – LR3

71. 4. Earth’s shadow causes the changing appearance of the Moon.
Do you agree or disagree?
3. The Moon was once a planet that orbited the Sun between Earth and Mars.
4. Earth’s shadow causes the changing appearance of the Moon.
Lesson 2 - Now

72. Lesson 3 Reading Guide - KC
Eclipses and Tides
What is a solar eclipse?
What is a lunar eclipse?
How do the Moon and the Sun affect Earth’s oceans?
Lesson 3 Reading Guide - KC

73. Lesson 3 Reading Guide - Vocab
Eclipses and Tides
umbra
penumbra
solar eclipse
lunar eclipse
tide
Lesson 3 Reading Guide - Vocab

74. When one objects blocks light from another object, a shadow results.
Light from a wide source forms a shadow with lighter and darker parts.

75. Shadows—the Umbra and the Penumbra
Light from the Sun and other wide sources cast shadows with two distinct parts.
Lesson 3-1

76. Shadows—the Umbra and the Penumbra (cont.)
The umbra is the central, darker part of a shadow where light is totally blocked.
The penumbra is the lighter part of a shadow where light is partially blocked.
Lesson 3-1

77. Shadows—the Umbra and the Penumbra (cont.)
from Latin paene, means “almost”; and umbra, means “shade, shadow”
Lesson 3-1

78. When the Moon passes between Earth and the Sun, it casts a shadow on Earth.

79. Solar Eclipses
When the Moon’s shadow appears on Earth’s surface, a solar eclipse is occurring.
During the new moon phase, Earth, the Moon, and the Sun are lined up and the Moon casts a shadow on Earth's surface.
Lesson 3-2

80. Solar Eclipses (cont.)
Why does a solar eclipse occur only during a new moon?
Lesson 3-2

81. During a total solar eclipse, the Moon appears to cover the Sun completely. You can only see a total solar eclipse from within the Moon’s umbra.
Lesson 3-2

82. Solar Eclipses (cont.)
You can see a partial solar eclipse from within the Moon’s much larger penumbra.
The Sun’s appearance changes during an eclipse as the moon moves in the sky.
Lesson 3-2

83. The Moon’s orbit is tilted slightly compared to Earth’s orbit
The Moon’s orbit is tilted slightly compared to Earth’s orbit. As a result, during most new moons, Earth is either above or below the Moon’s shadow.
Lesson 3-2

84. Lunar Eclipses
A lunar eclipse occurs when the Moon moves into Earth’s shadow.
Lesson 3-3

85. Lunar Eclipses (cont.)
When the entire Moon moves through Earth’s umbra, a total lunar eclipse occurs.
This can occur only during a full moon phase.
Lesson 3-3

86. Lunar Eclipses (cont.)
When only part of the Moon passes through Earth’s umbra, a partial lunar eclipse occurs.
Lunar eclipses can only occur during a full moon phase, when the Moon and the Sun are on opposite sides of Earth.
You do not see a lunar eclipse every month because the Moon’s orbit is slightly tilted compared to Earth’s orbit.
Lesson 3-3

87. Lunar Eclipses (cont.)
When can a lunar eclipse occur?
Lesson 3-3

88. Tides A tide is the daily rise and fall of sea level.
It is primarily the Moon’s gravity that causes Earth’s oceans to rise and fall twice each day.
The Moon’s gravity is slightly stronger on the side of Earth closer to the Moon and slightly weaker on the side of Earth opposite the Moon.
Lesson 3-4

89. Tides (cont.)
The gravitational differences cause tidal bulges in the oceans on opposite sides of Earth.
Lesson 3-4

90. Tides (cont.)
High tides occur at the tidal bulges, and low tides occur between them.
Because the Sun is so far away from Earth, its effect on tides is about half that of the Moon.
Low tides occur between tidal bulges.
The Sun also affects tides, but not as much as the moon does.
Lesson 3-4

91. Tides (cont.)
Spring tides occur during the full moon and new moon phases, when the Sun’s and the Moon’s gravitational effects combine and produce higher high tides and lower low tides.
Lesson 3-4

92. Tides (cont.)
During a spring tide, Earth, the Sun, and the Moon are positioned in a straight line. At this time, high tides are higher than usual, and low tides are lower.
Lesson 3-4

93. During a neap tide, Earth, the Sun, and the Moon form a right angle
During a neap tide, Earth, the Sun, and the Moon form a right angle. At this time, high tides are lower than usual, and low tides are higher.

94. Tides (cont.)
Why is the Sun’s effect on tides less than the Moon’s effect?
Lesson 3-4

95. Shadows from a wide light source have two distinct parts.
Lesson 3 - VS

96. The Moon’s shadow produces solar eclipses
The Moon’s shadow produces solar eclipses. Earth’s shadow produces lunar eclipses.
Lesson 3 - VS

97. The positions of the Moon and the Sun in relation to Earth cause gravitational differences that produce tides.
Lesson 3 - VS

98. If the Moon’s shadow appears on Earth’s surface, which of these is occurring?
A. lunar eclipse
B. tide
C. solar eclipse
D. neap tide
Lesson 3 – LR1

99. What causes Earth’s tides?
A. the Moon’s gravity
B. the Moon’s tilted orbit
C. Earth’s gravity
D. the Moon’s umbra
Lesson 3 – LR2

100. Which of these refers to the central, darker part of a shadow where light is totally blocked?
A. umbra
B. penumbra
C. lunar eclipse
D. tide
Lesson 3 – LR3

101. Do you agree or disagree?
5. A solar eclipse happens when Earth moves between the Moon and the Sun.
6. The gravitational pull of the Moon and the Sun on Earth’s oceans causes tides.
Lesson 3 - Now

102. Interactive Concept Map Chapter Review Standardized Test Practice
Key Concept Summary
Interactive Concept Map
Chapter Review
Standardized Test Practice
Chapter Review Menu

103. Gravity causes objects in space to impact each other
Gravity causes objects in space to impact each other. Earth’s motion around the Sun causes seasons. The Moon’s motion around Earth causes phases of the Moon. Earth and the Moon’s motions together cause eclipses and ocean tides.
The BIG Idea

104. Lesson 1: Earth’s Motion
The gravitational pull of the Sun on Earth causes Earth to revolve around the Sun in a nearly circular orbit.
Areas on Earth’s curved surface become more tilted with respect to the direction of sunlight the farther you travel from the equator. This causes sunlight to spread out closer to the poles, making Earth colder at the poles and warmer at the equator.
Key Concepts 1

105. Lesson 1: Earth’s Motion
As Earth revolves around the Sun, the tilt of Earth’s rotation axis produces changes in how sunlight spreads out over Earth’s surface. These changes in the concentration of sunlight cause the seasons.
Key Concepts 1

106. Lesson 2: Earth’s Moon
The gravitational pull of Earth on the Moon makes the Moon revolve around Earth. The Moon rotates once as it makes one complete orbit around Earth.
The lit part of the Moon that you can see from Earth—the Moon’s phase—changes during the lunar cycle as the Moon revolves around Earth.
Jason Reed/Photodisc/Getty Images
Key Concepts 2

107. Lesson 3: Eclipses and Tides
When the Moon’s shadow appears on Earth’s surface, a solar eclipse occurs.
When the Moon moves into Earth’s shadow, a lunar eclipse occurs.
The gravitational pull of the Moon and the Sun on Earth produces tides, the rise and fall of sea level that occurs twice each day.
Key Concepts 3

108. The line on which an object rotates is called what?
A. orbit
B. surface
C. revolution
D. rotation axis
Chapter Review – MC1

109. What happens to temperatures in the northern hemisphere when the north end of the rotation axis is toward the Sun?
A. increase
B. stay the same
C. decrease
D. cannot be determined
Chapter Review – MC2

110. Which is a day when Earth’s rotation axis is leaning along Earth’s orbit, neither toward nor away from the Sun?
A. equinox
B. solstice
C. spring
D. winter
Chapter Review – MC3

111. Which of these is characterized by less of the Moon’s near side being lit at night?
A. lunar cycle
B. waning phase
C. waxing phase
D. lunar eclipse
Chapter Review – MC4

112. Which of these refers to the lighter part of a shadow where light is partially blocked?
A. umbra
B. solar eclipse
C. tide
D. penumbra
Chapter Review – MC5

113. What term refers to a day when Earth’s rotation axis is the most toward or away from the Sun?
A. equinox
B. fall
C. spring
D. solstice
Chapter Review – STP1

114. What is the path an object follows as it moves around another object?
A. revolution
B. rotation axis
C. orbit
D. rotation
Chapter Review – STP2

115. Which refers to the part of the Moon or a planet that can be seen from Earth?
A. waning
B. waxing
C. phase
D. lunar cycle
Chapter Review – STP3

116. Which term refers to the daily rise and fall of sea level?
A. eclipse
B. umbra
C. penumbra
D. tide
Chapter Review – STP4

117. During which does the Moon appear to cover the Sun completely?
A. solar eclipse
B. high tide
C. lunar eclipse
D. neap tide
Chapter Review – STP5