1. Packet One
Final Exam Study Guide

2. Basic Definitions History
the study of the past through artifacts and resources
Geography
the study of Earth’s structure
how people interact with their environment
Primary Source
document created during the time period being studied

3. Maps
Physical map: shows land forms and bodies of water
Political map: shows shapes and boundaries of countries
Thematic map: shows information about various themes
ex: population, climate, resources

4. Culture “A blueprint for living”
The patterns of behavior and ways of thinking within a group
Everything that helps a society develop
patterns of behavior and ways of thinking within a group

5. Cultural Diffusion Spread of ideas, customs, goods, and technology,
among different cultures
Examples:
Spread of Religions: Islam, Hinduism, Christianity
Trade along Silk Road and Gold Road
Printing Press
Columbian Exchange
Spanish Language in Central and South America

6. ETHNOCENTRISM
Belief that one’s culture or ethnic group is superior to all others
Ancient Chinese & Romans saw themselves as better than outsiders
Europeans saw themselves as better than native people they encountered
“My culture is better than yours”

7. Law Codes Hammurabi’s Code eye for an eye 12 Tables of Rome
expanded laws made under Greek democracy
Justinian’s Code
preserved Roman laws during Byzantine Empire

8. Art & Architecture Pyramids Importance of the pharoah Life after death
BOB- Greek concept of Beauty, Order, and Balance
Renaissance Art
Importance of the individual=individualism
New techniques, colors, linear perspective

9. Major Religions: Judaism, Christianity, Islam
monotheistic
Connection to the Holy Land/Jerusalem
Founder, holy book, rules for behavior

10. Major Religions: Hinduism & Buddhism
polytheistic
Reincarnation
Respect for nature
Meditation to achieve Nirvana or Enlightenment

11. Chinese Philosophies Confucianism
People are naturally good; following the 5 basic relationships lead to organized society
Legalism
People are naturally evil; strict laws and harsh punishments needed for organized society
Daoism
Dao means “the way”, go with the flow,

12. Japanese Philosophies
Shintoism
worship spirits of nature called kami, respect for nature
Code of Bushido
“way of the warrior;” code of honor used by Samurai

13. Agricultural Revolution
The change in human history from
hunting and gathering to farming
Permanent food supply from crops and domesticated animals
Led to permanent towns and villages
Led to organized civilizations
Civilizations developed governments, belief systems, art, architecture, technology, etc…

14. The earliest civilizations developed in river valleys
Egypt : Nile River
China : Huang He
India: Indus River
Mesopotamia: Tigris & Euphrates
Rivers provided:
1. Water
2. Fertile soil
3. Food
4. Trade/Transportation

15. Early Civilizations Basics
The Biggies: Egypt, Mesopotamia, China, India, Greece, Rome, Byzantine, African trading kingdoms
Golden Age: time of peace & prosperity marked by great achievements
Athens, Tang/Song, Abbasid, Pax Romana, Renaissance,

16. Packet Two
Final Exam Study Guide

17. Early China
Geography-mountains, deserts, plateaus separated China from other regions
First dynasties developed in river valleys: Huang He and Yangtze Rivers
Qin Dynasty
Emperor Shi Huangdi
Great Wall
Legalism
Silk Road began c. 100
Shang Dynasty
Polytheistic
Oracle Bones
Ying Yang
Mandate of Heaven
People have the right to rebel against weak rulers and replace them with strong ones

18. Ancient Greece
Geography – Mountainous region, isolated valleys, natural harbors
City-States: Athens and Sparta
Major achievements in art and a architecture , government
Athens= birthplace of democracy

19. Greek Culture = Hellenistic Culture
Hellenistic=Greek
Greek= Hellenistic
Spread by Alexander the Great, who conquered Greece, Persia, India, and Egypt
Major diffusion of Greek culture or…. Hellenism

20. Ancient Rome Geography – Italy is a peninsula in the Mediterranean Sea
Empire expanded under various emperors, starting with
Julius Caesar
architecture (arches & domes), technology (aqueducts & roads), Law,Law,Law,Law

21. Byzantine Empire Preserved Greek and Roman culture after Fall of Rome
Justinian’s Code- preserved Roman laws
Architecture: Hagia Sophia
Great Schism = split between Catholic and Eastern Orthodox Church

22. African Trading Kingdoms
Ghana, Mali, & Songhai
Controlled major trade routes in North Africa
Gold and salt
Separated from the rest of Africa by the Sahara Desert

23. Middle Ages in Europe Church was very powerful
Feudalism: exchange of land for military service
Knights followed code of chivalry like the Japanese code of Bushido
Crusades resulted in huge demand for Asian goods

24. Renaissance in Europe Began in Italy
Geography -peninsula in the Mediterranean;
access to Afro Eurasian trade routes after Crusades
Venice and Genoa were major trade cities

25. Renaissance in Europe Machiavelli wrote The Prince
“the ends justify the means”
Galileo, Isaac Newton, Tycho Brahe, Copernicus
Scientific Revolution
knowledge was based on
experimentation and observation

26. Renaissance in Europe Martin Luther opposed sale of indulgences
wrote The 95 Theses
began the Protestant Reformation
Counter Reformation
-attempt by Catholic Church to rebuild its power

27. North and South America
Maya
pyramids, writing system, calendar, math, science
Aztec
cities and floating gardens
(chinampas)
Inca
terrace farming, roads

28. Aztec Chinampas

29. Aztec Chinampas

30. Inca Terrace Farming

31. Age of Exploration Europeans looked for new trade routes to Asia
Spanish and Portuguese ships
Ferdinand Magellan
first European to circumnavigate/
circle the globe by ship

32. Age of Exploration Columbian Exchange
major cross regional contact and cultural diffusion between Europe and the Americas
European diseases caused major decline in Amerindian population
Europeans had superior technology,
especially guns