1. Neural and Hormonal Systems
Will Explain Why We FEEL……
Nervous
Strong
Sick
Pain

2. It all Starts with the Neuron

3. Neuron Structure
Neurons do NOT touch each other- the space in between is call the synapse.

4. Within the cell, the nature of the neural impulse is electrical.
All-or-nothing Principle- The idea that either the neuron fires or it does not- no part way firing
Impulse along the axon is called axonal transmission

5. The nature of the neural impulse is electrical.
The neuron at rest is more negative inside the cell membrane relative to outside the membrane.
The resting potential results from the selective permeability of the membrane, the presence of electrically charged particles called ions near the inside and outside surfaces of the membrane, and resulting concentration and electrical gradients. The sodium potassium pump and blocking of ionic channels by calcium ions help maintain the resting potential.

6. Steps of Action Potential
Dendrites receive neurotransmitter from another neuron across the synapse.
Reached its threshold- then fires based on the all-or-none response.
Opens up a portal in axon, and lets in positive ions (Sodium) which mix with negative ions (Potassium) that is already inside the axon (thus Neurons at rest have a slightly negative charge).
The mixing of + and – ions causes an electrical charge that opens up the next portal (letting in more K) while closing the original portal.
Process continues down axon to the axon terminal.
Terminal buttons turns electrical charge into chemical (neurotransmitter) and shoots message to next neuron across the synapse.

7. The nature of the neural impulse is electrical
The more intense a stimulus, the more frequent a neuron fires.
A brief period of time, called the refractory period, follows the polarization changes during which the neuron is resistant to a retriggering of an action potential.

8. Action Potential

9. How Neurons Communicate

10. Neurotransmitters
Chemical messengers released by terminal buttons through the synapse.

11. Basic Neurotransmitters
Acetylcholine (ACh)
Controls skeletal muscles
Contributes to the regulation of attention, arousal and memory
Some ACh receptors are stimulated by nicotine
Lack of ACH has been linked to Alzheimer’s disease.

12. Dopamine (DA)
Contributes to control of voluntary movement, pleasurable emotions
Decreased levels associated with Parkinson’s Disease
Overactive at DA synapses associated with schizophrenia
Cocaine and amphetamines elevate activity at DA synapses

13. Contributes to modulation of mood and arousal
Cocaine and amphetamines elevate the activity at NE synapses
Norepinephrine (NE)

14. Serotonin
Involved in regulation of sleep and wakefulness, eating and aggression
Abnormal levels may contribute to depression and OCD
Prozac and similar antidepressant drugs affect serotonin circuits

15. Serves as widely distributed inhibitory transmitter
Valium and similar antianxiety drugs work at GABA synapses
Gamma-aminobutyic acid
(GABA)

16. Glutamate Excitatory neurotransmitter Involved in memory
Too much---migraines and seizures

17. Endorphins
Resemble opiate drugs in structure and effect
Contribute to pain relief and perhaps to some pleasurable emotions

18. Endorphins Function deals with pain control.
We become addicted to endorphin causing feelings.

20. Lock & Key Mechanism
Neurotransmitters bind to the receptors of the receiving neuron in a key-lock mechanism.
OBJECTIVE 6| Explain how drugs and other chemicals affect neurotransmission, and describe the contrasting effects of agonists and antagonists.

21. Agonists

22. Antagonists

23. Types of Neurons
Sensory Neurons
Motor Neurons
Inter Neurons

24. Sensory Neurons (Afferent Neurons)
Take information from the senses to the brain.

25. Inter Neurons
Take messages from Sensory Neurons to other parts of the brain or to Motor Neurons.

26. Motor Neurons (Efferent Neurons)
Take information from brain to the rest of the body.

27. Divisions of the Nervous System
stress
peace

28. Sympathetic Nervous System
Flight or Fight Response

29. Parasympathic Nervous System
Calms  returns to peaceful state

31. A Simple Reflex

32. A Simplified Neural Network
Neurons that learn to work together as a team.

33. The Endocrine System We rarely think about the endocrine system
However, it influences almost every cell, organ and function of our bodies
It is instrumental in regulating mood, growth and development, tissue functions, metabolism, sexual functions and reproductive processes

34. The Endocrine System A system of glands that secrete hormones.
Similar to nervous system, except hormones work a lot slower than neurotransmitters.
Hormones
Neurotransmitters

35. Endocrine glands secrete “within” the body
See remaining lecture notes
Exocrine glands secrete “outside” of the body
Sweat glands
Salivary glands
Tear glands

36. Comparison of endocrine and nervous system
Endocrine Glands
Secrete hormones directly into the blood stream
Endocrine transport may take minutes to hours
Endocrine effects are typically long lasting
BOTH interact with specific receptors on or in the target cells
Neurons (Nervous System)
Neurons transmit signals over neural networks (generally speaking)
Nervous control may take a fraction of a second to minutes
Neural effects are short lived
There is overlap between systems!!

37. The Major Endocrine Glands

38. Pituitary Gland Controls all other endocrine glands Regulates growth
The MASTER gland
Regulates growth
Overactive during infancy  gigantism
Underactive  Dwarfs

39. Sandy Allen, right, poses for a picture with Will Denk, 11, at the library in Shelbyville, Ind., on Saturday, September 2, Allen, at seven feet, seven and one quarter inches, was listed by Guinness World Records as the world's tallest woman. Sandy died in 2008 at age 53.

40. Thyroid Two lobed, bowtie shaped Thyroxine  effects metabolism
Converts food into energy
If metabolizes slowly may lead to mental retardation
Hypothyroidism  overweight
Hyperthyroidism  excitable, inability to sleep, too thin
Goiters are enlargement of the thyroid gland
Deficient in iodine
Swelling caused by cysts
Cretinism  underactive thyroid in infancy
Skeletal growth and brain development affected
Lack of iodine in prenatal period
Typical appearance is coarse skin, puffy face, large tongue, slow responses (mental retardation usually)

41. Adrenal Glands Pancreas Two parts, two hormones produced
Adrenalin  fight or flight
Cortisone  fights infection, prepares for long term muscular activity
Pancreas
Regulates glucose levels (insulin)
Too little insulin = diabetes
Blindness, heart disease, kidney failure, amputation of limbs

42. Gonads Males  Testes Plays important role in development
Testosterone
Sperm
Testosterone linked to aggression
Plays important role in development
Development of sex organs
Adolescence: muscles and bone development, sex characteristics
Primary  reproduction
Secondary  beard growth, voice change
Females  Ovaries
Estrogen & progesterone
eggs
Estrogen fosters sex characteristics
Primary: reproduction
Secondary: breast dev.
Progesterone stimulates growth of reproductive organs (prepares body for pregnancy)
Together = Menstrual cycle
Changes in levels
PMS, irritability, fluid retention, depression, fatigue
Menopause

43. So….why is this important to the study of psychology?
Shows how people react to stimulus in the environment
Knowledge of neurons, the nervous system, and endocrine system help us reach the goals of psychology….
Explain, describe, predict, control