1. MARXISM & SOCIAL CHANGE

2. Marxism & Social Change.
Can we remember what Marxism said about the influence of religion? Explain, once again, what Marx thought about religion.

3. Question:
How does Liberation Theology benefit the poor?

4. Question:
How does Pentecostalism benefit the poor?

5. Liberation Theology & Pentecostalism
These ‘religions’ help the poor. So does this mean that Marx was wrong? Is religion is a force for social change?

6. Otto Maduro (1982)
Believes that religion can be a revolutionary force that brings about change. In the case of Liberation Theology, the Catholic Church realised that serving the poor, was part of their Christian duty!

7. Maduro and Lowy, both regard Liberation Theology as an example of social change inspired by religion…

8. However, as usual, other Marxists disagree.
The Marxists who disagree with Maduro and Lowy ask: “How exactly do we define social change?” That is a good question. How do you think we can measure social change?

9. GRAMSCI :
HEGEMONEY:

10. Go to the handouts on HEGEMONY
HEGEMONY IS AN IMPORTANT CONCEPT…
1) The bourgeoisie do not rule by force alone.
2) The bourgeoisie rule by consent.
3) The bourgeoisie exploit what people already think and believe.

11. Write about how Mussolini & Trump have used hegemony.

12. Hegemony, The Catholic Church & Mussolini:
ern-world-history-1918-to-1980/italy to-1939/mussolini-and-the-roman-catholic- church/

13. Hegemony is ‘sneaky’…

14. TWO COMMUNITIES IN KENTUCKY

15. Dwight Billings (1990) :
Billing applies Gramsci's ideas in a case study. In this case study he compares the class struggle of two communities - one of coalminers, the other of textile workers in Kentucky during the 1920s and 1930s.

16. The Miners = STRONG
The Textile Workers = SOPPY
Go through the case study online or in your handouts.
How do these examples show us hegemony at work? Write a paragraph on this.

17. Finally: Lets look at the concepts you need to know…
The Principle of Hope (Ernst Bloch,'s Marxist Sociologist)
The Dual Character of Religion: Friedrich Engels (1895) & Gramsci.
Organic Intellectuals
Utopia
 Material Factors