1. Chapter 5
Metabolism

2. Metabolism – all the chemical reactions
Catabolism – larger molecules are broken down to smaller molecules.
Glucose – CO2 and water – cellular respiration – energy is released
Anabolism – larger molecules are synthesized from smaller molecules.
CO2 + water – glucose –photosynthesis
Energy is used
Energy released in catabolic reactions is stored in ATP

3. ATP – quick source of energy in cells
Energy carrier molecule
Synthesis, movement, transport
ATP ADP + Phosphate + energy
ADP + phosphate + energy ---- ATP

4. Almost all the chemical reactions – enzymes
Biological catalysts
Speed up chemical reactions
Come out of the reaction unchanged
Absence enzymes – chemical reactions take place slow – cells cannot survive
Specific for its substrate
Substrate – substance with which the enzyme reacts.

5. Bring molecules together
Weaken bonds in a molecule – breaks down

7. denaturation
Enzymes are saturated
No free enzymes to interact
With the excess substrate.

8. Enzyme inhibitors – competitive, noncompetitive
Compete with the substrate for the active site.
Sulfanilamide – synthetic drug – UTI
Para aminobenzoic acid (PABA) folic acid
Enzyme
Drug takes the place of PABA on the enzyme
Inactivates the enzyme

9. Noncompetitive inhibitor binds to the allosteric site on the enzyme
Allosteric site – site other than the active site
Shape of the active site is changed
Enzyme is inactivated
Cyanide

11. Cellular respiration Glucose is catabolized
Oxidation reduction reactions
Loss of electron or hydrogen atom –oxidation
Gain of electron or hydrogen atom – reduction
Leo says ger

12. Oxidation reduction reactions are coupled
They take place simultaneously

14. Catabolism of glucose – energy (ATP)
Cellular respiration
Aerobic respiration
Anaerobic respiration
Aerobic respiration – O2 is used
6C6H12O6 +6O2 > 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy
Glucose – oxidized – CO2
O2 reduced to water
Glycolysis, transition reaction
Krebs cycle, oxidative phosphorylation (electron transport chain)

15. Glycolysis
Sugar splitting
Cytosol = liquid
Part of the cytoplasm
Each molec. Glucose
2 pyruvic acid + 2NADH + 4ATP
Cell gains only 2 ATP
Substrate level phosphorylation
Phosphate is added from a substrate to
ADP

16. Transition reaction
Decarboxylated
oxidized
matrix of mitochondria
each molecule of glucose
2 acetyl CoA + 2NADH + 2 CO2
6NADH + 2 FADH2 + 4CO2 + 2 ATP
interact with the electron transport
chain located on the inner membrane
of mitochondria
electron transport chain – inner
membrane of mitochondria

17. Power house – cellular respiration
DNA
70S ribosomes
intermembrane
space

19. oxidized
flavin mononucleotide FMN chemiosmosis
ubiquinone Q oxidation of ETC
cytochrome cyt phosphorylation of ADP

21. summary
NADH – 3ATP
10 NADH – 30 ATP
FADH2 – 2 ATP
2 FADH2 – 4 ATP

22. Anaerobic respiration
Similar to aerobic respiration
Final e- acceptor is an inorganic substance other than O2
Pseudomonas aeruginosa uses nitrate ion as the final e- acceptor

23. Fermentation O2 is not used Only glycolysis takes place 2ATP are made
Organic molecule is the final e- acceptor

25. Lipids, proteins – used for energy
Triglyceride  glycerol + 3 fatty acids
Exoenzyme - lipase
Glycerol – dihydroxyacetone phosphate
Goes into glycolysis
Fatty acid  many units of acetyl CoA
Goes into Krebs cycle
Proteins – amino acids – proteases
AA – intermediates of glycolysis, Krebs cycle

26. Photosynthesis Plants and algae – chloroplasts
6CO2 + 6 H2O  C6H12O6 +6O2
Light dependent reactions
Light independent reactions ( Calvin-Benson reaction)

29. Flow of energy sunlight CO2 + water ---------- glucose ATP --- energy
Synthesis, transport, movement
Sun is the ultimate source of energy