1. CELL BIOLOGY AND CANCER

2. .01 Cancer types, incidence, pre-disposition, and risk factors

3. CANCER
WHERE DID IT GET ITS NAME?

4. A. Cancer facts
Group of 100 diseases that develop across time

5. 2. Can develop in virtually any of the body’s tissues

6. 3. Characterized by uncontrolled cell division

7. 4. Hereditary & environmental factors contribute to cancer development

8. 5. Second leading cause of death in U.S.

9. 6. Men have one in two lifetime risk, women one in three
ACTIVITY 1 – FACES OF CANCER

10. Type of Information FAMILY HISTORY
(write in the number of “yes” and “no” answers for all teams)
YES _____
NO ______

11. NUMBER OF PEOPLE DIAGNOSED WITH CANCER
TOTAL OF ALL TEAMS
0-19 YEARS _____
20-39 YEARS ______
40-59 YEARS ______
60 AND OLDER ______

12. TYPE OF CANCER WRITE IN THE NUMBER OF EACH
BLADDER __ LEUKEMIA __PROSTATE ___
BRAIN ___ LUNG ___ RETINOBLASTOMA ___
BREAST ___ ORAL CAVITY ___ SKIN ___
CERVICAL ___ OVARIAN ___ UTERINE ___
COLON ___ PANCREATIC __ OTHER ___

13. POSSIBLE RISK FACTORS
(LIST ANY POSSIBLE RISK FACTORS)

14. B. Types of cancer
Benign – not cancerous, does not invade nearby tissue or spread to other parts of the body (will grow & push organs out of way)
Malignant – cancerous; can invade nearby tissue and spread to other parts of the body (will invade organs by enzymes eating through tissue)

15. Metastatic – spread through body by hemogenic (blood) or lymphogenic (lymph)
Type depends on cause & location
5. Each type has its own growth rate, prognosis, and treatability

16. C. Incidence increases with age
(old men have better chance of developing cancer)
Develops over time and could result from different causes
Can occur at any age and in any location

17. D. Inherited predisposition
Can inherit a cancer – susceptible mutation
Occurs in all the body’s cells

18. E. Risk Factors Increase a person’s risk for developing cancer
Cigarette smoking
Exposure to the sun
Exposure to carcinogens
Females – family history of breast cancer
Fair skin
Chemicals, radiation, & viruses

19. F. Chance of surviving cancer increases with early detection & treatment
Incidence rate – number of new cases per year per 100,000 persons
Mortality rate – number of deaths per 100,000 persons per year
Survival rate – proportion of patients alive at some point after their diagnosis of cancer (chance of cure)

20. .02 Causes & development of cancer
Many different agents can cause cancer
(Carcinogens)
sun
Radiation
Chemicals
smoking

21. Cancer involves the uncontrolled division of body cells.
B. Cancer represents a breakdown of the processes that regulate the growth of normal cells & tissues.
Cancer involves the uncontrolled division of body cells.
Cell division is normally precisely regulated
Cell cycle regulation is accomplished by two major types of genes

22. 4. Cancer causing agents often damage genes
5. When damage occurs to genes that regulate the cell cycle, signals that inhibit cell division can change leading the cell to divide more often that it normally would
(cancer cells multiply rapidly, taking up space and nutrients from the normal cells

23. C. Cancer develops from genetic damage to cells across time
Cigarette smoke can damage genes that regulate growth of normal cells

24. D. Cancer research leads to understanding normal cell cycle and new strategies for treating cancer

26. E. Stages of tumor development
tumor – mass of cancer cells
1. Mutation – damage to genes causing cells to alter (1st stage of tumor development)
2. Hyperplasia – altered cells & its descendents grow & divide too often

27. 3. Dysplasia – one of these cells experiences another mutation that further increases its tendency to divide. This cell’s descendents divide excessively & look abnormal

28. In situ (tumor) – Tumor formed from these mutated, rapidly dividing cells stays contained within its tissue of origin
Invasive cancer (malignant) – if some cells experience additional mutations that allow the tumor to invade neighboring tissues & shed cells into the blood or lymph, the tumor is malignant.

29. 6. Metastases – escaped cells may establish new tumors at other locations in body

30. Cancer has been described as a single disease and a hundred diseases
Single disease – all cancers display uncontrolled growth, the ability to expand without limit.
Hundred diseases – cancer can appear as a result of different causes, in a variety of sites within the body, and that each type of cancer displays its own growth rate, prognosis, and treatability.

31. The discovery that all cancer involves a fundamental disruption in the growth of cells and tissues suggests that to understand cancer, we need to understand the events and processes that occur as both normal and abnormal cells grow and divide.

32. In fact, much cancer research across the past two decades has focused on this challenge. This research has revealed a complex picture of how two classes of genes, called proto-oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes, normally regulate the intricate sequence of cell cycle events.

33. And it also has revealed how the accumulation of mutations in these genes can contribute to the development of an altered cell, a cell that has lost the normal controls on cell division.
Activity 2

34. .03 Genetic damage & mutation
Cancer results from the accumulation of genetic damage to cells across time
multiple exposure over time
Mutation causes change in the way the cell functions or develops

35. B. Cancer cells differ from normal cells
Shape changes (appearance changes)
Changes in their dependence on growth factors
Multitude of biochemical differences

36. A B C D – moles A – assymetrical B – border C – color
D – diameter (bigger than a pencil eraser)

37. C. Cancer is a multi-step process, which explains:
Increased incidence of cancer with age
Development of cancer decades after exposure to carcinogens (severe sunburns as a child)
Increased incidence of cancer among people with inherited dispositions (they are more likely to develop cancer than the general population)
Activity 3

38. .04 Improve personal and public health
A. Good choices can reduce an individual’s risk of developing cancer
1. Levels of cancer prevention
A. Individual behavior changes – develop healthy behavior habits
B. Health care providers – perform counseling & routine screening

39. c. National level – government regulations to minimize public exposure to known carcinogens
d. International level – actions of developed countries bring cancer worldwide

40. 2. Attention to ethical & public policy issues
Children wear protective headwear & clothing during peak hours of UV exposure would prevent most skin cancers

41. B. Risk factors for skin cancer
Excessive exposure to UV (ultraviolet) radiation – damages skin cells
Fair complexion
Occupational exposure to substances
Known carcinogens:
a. coal tar
b. Creosate
c. Arsenic Compounds
d. Radium

42. C. Good choices can improve an individual’s chance of survival if he/she develops cancer
Improved detection
Improved treatment
Activity 4

43. Ethics is a process of rational inquiry
D. Ethical values sometimes conflict in public policy debated about strategies for reducing the risk of cancer
Ethics is a process of rational inquiry
Ethics requires a solid foundation of information & careful interpretation of that information

44. Public policy may invade an individual’s freedom and autonomy
3. There are often competing, well-reasoned answers to what is right & wrong, or good or bad
Ex:
Public policy may invade an individual’s freedom and autonomy
Banning smoking in public places
Activity 5

45. A PROPOSED STATUTE
MANDATORY USE OF SKIN PROTECTION FOR ALL INDIVIDUALS UNDER THE AGE OF 18
Whereas it is well documented that only 15 percent of Americans regularly wear a sunscreen when they are outside, and 25 percent never wear sunscreen.

46. Whereas there is a direct link between the sun’s ultraviolet (UV) rays and melanoma, the deadliest form of skin cancer.
Whereas there were more than 42,000 new cases of malignant melanoma diagnosed in 1999.
Whereas more than 7,000 Americans die each year from melanoma.

47. Whereas disruption of the earth’s ozone layer by atmospheric chemical pollution may lead to rising levels of UV radiation.
Whereas 80 percent of a person’s UV exposure occurs prior to age 18.
Be it enacted by the Federal Statues that:

48. All individuals under the age of 18 are required to wear headgear and clothing that covers 90 percent of the extremities while outside during peak hours of UV exposure. This covering shall occur in all public locations that are currently under federal jurisdiction, including public school property, recreation sites, federal buildings, and work sites supervised by employers that are overseen by OSHA regulations.