1. Language History The Main Line

2. Pre-History Blaise Pascal Leibnitz Carles Babbage 1830-1840
The difference engine
the first programmer: Ada, Countess Lovelace
The Jacquard Loom and its punched cards

3. The early Modern era

4. 0. Plankalkul (Zuse) 1945
- a prototype language
1. Fortran (Backus--IBM)
- later WatFIV, Fortran 77 and Fortran 90+ (ISO)
- scientific work
2. COBOL (Admiral Hopper -- USN)
- business
3. ALGOL 58-60
- Zurich
- block structure
- formal definition in BNF (a metalanguage)
- heavily influenced everything after

5. For Symbolic Manipulation (functional or applicative)
4. LISP 56-62
- John McCarthy MIT 1958
- non VonNeumann
- no variables, assignments, or goto
- now Common Lisp
5. *APL (Iverson)
- operator rich
- needs special keyboard
6. *SNOBOL (Griswald - Bell labs)
- StriNg Oriented symBOLic Language
* a dynamic language—interpreted not compiled

6. The all-in-one language
7. PL/ IBM
- borrowed from everything prior
- tried to combine COBOL, FORTRAN, LISP
- exception handling
- primitive multitasking
- large; many previously untried features
- a temporary success in academia
- too large to learn properly

7. Late 60's ALGOL successors
8. ALGOL-68 (committee effort)
- like PL/1 in being feature-rich (bloated)
- very orthogonal
9. ALGOL-W (Wirth&Hoare) (late 60s)
- his reaction to ALGOL-68
10. SIMULA-67 (Nygaard & Dahl—Oslo)
- from SIMULA-1 ( )
- includes ALGOL-67
- to solve simulation problems
- some parallelism possible
- first language with CLASS; first OO language

8. Late 60's ALGOL successors (cont’d)
11. Pascal (1971 Wirth)
- simple but powerful
- widely used in teaching
- a huge impact to the late 1990s
- descendants include
→ UCSD
→ ISO version
→ Object Pascal (Wirth on contrat to Apple)
→Turbo →Delphi environment
→ Ada, Modula-2, etc.

9. Hobbiest Languages
12. BASIC (1964 Kemeny & Dartmouth)
- simplified Fortran, also ALGOL influence
- line numbers to control sequence
- timeshared on large machines, built-in on the smaller
- early versions not well defined
- limited control structures and data types
- integrated editing and interpreting
- descendants include
ASCI BASIC, Real Basic (K&K), Future Basic
13. LOGO
- interactive language for teaching children

10. The Middle era

11. Results of the 70s experiments
14. C (1972 Bell)
- another ALGOL descendent
- designed for systems work,
eg UNIX (re-written in C)
- a middle level language
- standardized bu ANSI in 1989
15. Euclid U of T)
- Pascal, extended with Modules
16. Mesa ( Xerox)
- had concurrency facilities

12. 17. Ada (1979 US DOD) (no longer mandated by DoD)
- another Pascal replacement
- committee designed, large and complex
- largest design effort ever; took 4y to get a compiler
- completely specified, including libraries
- got ISO version in 1990s as Ada95
18. Modula-2 ( reaction to Ada)
-much simpler than Ada, but as powerful
- replacement for Pascal
- teaching, real time (embedded) systems, general use
- influenced by Mesa & Modula (a real time notation)
- got ISO version in 1990s + generic & OO extensions

13. The early Modula-2 Descendents
19. Modula* (for parallel processing)
20. Modula-GM (used only at General Motors)
21. Modula-3 (Olivetti and DEC)
- OO version
22. Oberon (Wirth)
- widely used in European Universities
- has many versions including Component Pascal
- stripped down Modula-2 ;OO added in Oberon-2
- included an operating system & editor
- never completely specified

14. Other 70's and 80s experiments
23. Smalltalk (71-80 by Alan Xerox)
- from SIMULA-67
- an OO language; several implementations available
24. Scheme (75-77 Sussman & MIT)
- variation of LISP
- used in several universities for beginners
25. PROLOG (1972, French)
- logic programming, AI an intelligent DB?
26. Eiffel (1985 Meyer)
- Pascal-like OO language
- smaller and simpler than C++

15. The Modern era

16. Results of 90's work
I Language Extensions; Alterations
27. C++ (Bjarne Stroustrop, draft 1995)
- C with OO, some deprecations
- many new features, similarities to SIMULA
- has generics (templates for ADTs)
- ISO standardized, more compliant compilers now
- large, complex, non-orthogonal
28. Modula-2 extensions
- ISO committee adds OO and generics
29. J (Iversons)
- an ASCII replacement of APL

17. I Language Extensions; Alterations Cont’d.
30. Object Pascal (Wirth, for Apple computing)
31. Objective C (Became Another Apple project)
32. Scheme (MIT: Abelson and Sussman - from LISP)

18. II Visual Languages and environments
33. Delphi (Borland 1995)
- migration from Turbo Pascal, includes Object Pascal
- many features from Modula-2
34. Visual Basic (MS described in 1987)
- widely used by non-professionals after 1991)
35. Visual C++ (MS)

19. 36. Java (Sun Microsystems) - pure OO; all code part of objects
Newer Languages
36. Java (Sun Microsystems)
- pure OO; all code part of objects
- no standalone subprograms; no true pointers
- borrows syntax from C, C++
- ideas from Pascal, Modula-2, and Smalltalk
- J++ is the MS version
37. JavaScript(ECMAScript)
- A net scripting language; runs client side in browsers
- with Ajax can do dynamic loading into static pages

20. 38. PHP
- a net scripting language that runs server-side
- used with databases; MySQL querying capabilities
- integral part of LAMP environments
(LINUX, Apache, MySQL, PHP)
39. Perl
- scripting language;extensive string manipulation capabilities
40. C# (Microsoft)
- an attempt to replace Java with an MS proprietary
language; similar design
- runs in .NET

21. 41. Python
- an interpreted multipurpose OO language
- descended from Modula-2 but written more like C
42 . Ruby
- dynamic typing, extensible
- syntax similar to Eiffel and Ada
- pure OO language
- with the "Rails" environment
- used in conjunction with JavaScript
- now sometimes standalone (not in Apache)

22. The Latest & Going Forward

23. projects (1)
43. Swift (Apple; released June 2014)
- from Objective-C
- Apple ecosystem programming; not general-purpose
- has a visual “playground”
- safety, security, extensibility

24. projects (2)
44. MODULA-2 R10 (design 2010, finalized 2015)
- Sutcliffe & Kowarsch
- from Classic Modula-2, not ISO, GM, or Modula-3
- General purpose
- safety, security, extensibility
- OO and concurrency left for a later edition
- templates for generics, blueprints for ADTs
- small, very powerful, extensive library system
- incorporates latest ideas and design principles
- built-in procedures are Wirthian macros that are
translated at compile time

25. Others
specialized query and database languages
markup notations
HTML (+Ajax), XML, JSP (Java Server Pages)
macro notations including
VBA
C or Pascal-like add ons
scripting languages
(TCL/TK. Perl, AWK, AppleScript
JavaScript(ECMAScript)
and many more not mentioned here (see the text).

26. Issues:
Language portability can be achieved by
standards
compiling to a virtual machine interpreter
UCSD, JVM, Gardens Point
The book has extensive evaluations of some of these
Take these, mine, and yours with a grain of salt

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