1. Molecular Genetics

2. DNA Define the term DNA Deoxyribonucleic acid Why is DNA important?
Stores our genetic material
Describe the structure of DNA
Double helix, 4 types of nucleotides (ATCG)
Describe the structure of a nucleotide
Phosphate group, deoxyribose, nitrogenous waste
How do the bases pair?
A – T, C - G

3. Structure of DNA

4. DNA continued How are the two strand bound together?
Hydrogen bonds between bases
How does DNA store our genetic material?
As genes
How do genes differ?
Sequence of nucleotide bases

5. Replication Why do we want DNA to replicate?
For cell division (growth)
How does replication begin?
Breaking of Hydrogen bonds
How are those bonds broken?
Helicase
How are the two new strands synthesized?
DNA polymerase
How do the two strands compare to the original strand?
Exactly the same

6. Replication continued
Define semi-conservative replication
Each original strand acts as a template for the new strands to be formed
Each new strand is a combination of one original and one newly synthesized strand
Write the complementary strand: ATTTGCCACGGGAATACG
Diagram the replication of this strand of DNA

7. Replication of DNA

8. DNA replication

9. Protein Synthesis Where are proteins made in a cell? Ribosome
Where do the instructions for the protein come from?
DNA/Gene
How does the gene get to the ribosome?
mRNA (messenger RNA)
What process creates mRNA?
Transcription

10. Transcription How is the gene exposed to make a RNA copy?
Break hydrogen bonds
How is mRNA synthesized?
RNA polymerase
Where does transcription take place?
Nucleus
Where does mRNA go?
Ribosome

11. Transcription

12. Translation How does the ribosome use the mRNA?
Guide to build the protein
How do amino acids get to the ribosome?
tRNA – transfer RNA
How do the tRNAs differ?
Each carries a specific amino acid
Describe the structure of tRNA
Anticodon corresponds to a specific amino acid

13. Translation continued
How does the ribosome use the mRNA and tRNA to synthesize proteins
Ribosome allows tRNA to bind with codon (triplet of bases on mRNA) if bases are complementary
Why is it beneficial that the mRNA can be re-used?

14. Translation

15. Genetic Engineering Define selective breeding
Having organisms of the same species breed to get offspring with desirable traits
Drawbacks to selective breeding
No guarantee the traits wanted will be present in the offspring

16. Genetic Engineering II
Define Hybridization
Breed two closely related organisms to get desired traits
Example: liger, horse + donkey = mule; husky and wolf = big dog!!
Define Inbreeding
What are some problems with inbreeding?
Non-desirable traits (recessive usually) are expressed more often in the offspring

17. Genetic Engineering III
Define transformation in terms of genetic
Define recombinant DNA
DNA of two or more species that are combined together (bacterial plasmid with human gene; glow in the dark rabbit, etc.)
How can we produce recombinant DNA?
Describe the function of restriction enzymes in creating recombinant DNA

18. Transformation

19. Genetic Engineering IV
Define the term clone
Describe a procedure to make a clone
Genetically how would clones from one donor compare
Would they all look the same? Explain
No, different genes may be activated causing the clone to look different
Can you breed clones from one donor?
No they are all the same sex

20. Cloning Techniques