1. 2. Somatoform Disorders
Occur when a person manifests a psychological problem through a physiological symptom.
Two types……

2. Hypochondriasis
Has frequent physical complaints for which medical doctors are unable to locate the cause.
They usually believe that the minor issues (headache, upset stomach) are indicative are more severe illnesses.

3. Conversion Disorder
Report the existence of severe physical problems with no biological reason.
Like blindness or paralysis.
Pol Pot

4. Causes of Somatoform Disorders
Psychoanalytic: The disorders are repressed emotions that get transformed into physical symptoms
Behavioral: Operant conditioning is responsible because the patient gets rewarded for his/her complaints (medicine, attention)
Social-Cognitive: Patients pay too much attention to their health which results in sensations that are more easily perceived (patients notice every little ache or spot on their skin, etc.)

5. 3. Dissociative Disorders
These disorders involve a disruption in the conscious process.
Three types….

6. Psychogenic Amnesia
A person cannot remember things with no physiological basis for the disruption in memory.
Retrograde Amnesia
NOT organic (biological) amnesia.
Organic amnesia can be retrograde or anterograde.

7. Dissociative Fugue
People with psychogenic amnesia that find themselves in an unfamiliar environment.

8. Dissociative Identity Disorder
Used to be known as Multiple Personality Disorder.
A person has several rather than one integrated personality.
People with DID commonly have a history of childhood abuse or trauma.

9. 4. Mood Disorders Experience extreme or inappropriate emotion.
In any given 1-year period, 9.5%, or about 18.8 million American adults, suffer from a depressive illness

10. Persistent Depressive Disorder
A.K.A. unipolar depression
Unhappy for at least two weeks with no apparent cause.
Depression is the common cold of psychological disorders.

11. depression
A depressive disorder is an illness that involves the body, mood and thoughts.
It affects the way a person eats and sleeps, the way one feels about oneself, and the way one thinks about things.
Nearly everyone will experience at least some type of mild depression in their life often due to some external sad event.
A depressive disorder is not the same as a passing blue mood. It is not a sign of personal weakness or a condition that can be willed or wished away.
People with a depressive illness cannot merely "pull themselves together" and get better. Without treatment, symptoms can last for weeks, months, or years. Appropriate treatment, however, can help most people who suffer from depression.

12. symptoms of depression
Persistent sad, anxious, or "empty" mood
Feelings of hopelessness, pessimism
Feelings of guilt, worthlessness, helplessness
Loss of interest in hobbies and activities that were once enjoyed
Decreased energy, fatigue, being "slowed down”
Difficulty concentrating, remembering, making decisions
Insomnia, early-morning awakening, or oversleeping
Changes in appetite and weight loss or weight gain
Thoughts of death or suicide; suicide attempts
Restlessness, irritability
Persistent physical symptoms that do not respond to treatment, such as headaches, digestive disorders, and chronic pain

13. Persistent Depressive Disorders
Major Depressive Disorder
Combination of symptoms that interfere with the ability to work, study, sleep, eat, and enjoy once pleasurable activities.
Such a disabling episode of depression may occur only once but more commonly occurs several times in a lifetime.
5 (or more) of the symptoms have been present during the same 2-week period
Dysthmia
A less severe type of depression, dysthymia, involves long-term, chronic symptoms that do not disable, but keep one from functioning well or from feeling good. Many people with dysthymia also experience major depressive episodes at some time in their lives.
Depressed mood for most of the day, for more days than not, as indicated either by subjective account or observation by others, for at least 2 years. Less severe than major depressive disorder.

14. explaining depression
Psychoanalytic
Negative events that occur in adulthood evoke memories of childhood traumas OR unresolved anger or sadness in your unconscious from your childhood are turned inward.
Social-cognitive
“attributional theory”
the depressed person tends to think: internal
("it's my fault"),
stable
("things can't change")
global
("this affects everything")
Learned helplessness
Biological
Norepinephrine
Serotonin
(people suffering from depression tend to have low levels of both of these neurotransmitters)
Genetics
(if an identical twin suffers from major depressive disorder or bipolar disorder the chances that the other twin will experience symptoms is higher than those with a fraternal twin who is suffering)

15. gender differences in rates of depression
Women experience depression about twice as often as men.
Although men are less likely to suffer from depression than women, 3 to 4 million men in the United States are affected by the illness. Men are less likely to admit to depression, and doctors are less likely to suspect it.
The rate of suicide in men is four times that of women, though more women attempt it. In fact, after age 70, the rate of men's suicide rises, reaching a peak after age 85.

16. Gender and Depression 20 15 10 5 Around the world women are more
Percentage
of population
aged 18-84
experiencing
major
depression
at some
point In life 20 15 10 5
USA Edmonton Puerto Paris West Florence Beirut Taiwan Korea New
Rico Germany Zealand
Around the world
women are more
susceptible to

17. Gender and Depression Percentage depressed Age in Years 10% 8 6
Age in Years
10% 8 6 4 2
Percentage
depressed
Females
Males

18. symptoms of bipolar disorder
Cycling mood changes: severe highs (mania) and lows (depression)
Mania often affects thinking, judgment, and social behavior in ways that cause serious problems and embarrassment. Mania, left untreated, may worsen to a psychotic state.
Symptoms of Mania: Abnormal or excessive elation
Overactive / overtalkative
Unusual irritability
Decreased need for sleep
Grandiose notions
Increased talking
Racing thoughts
Increased sexual desire
Markedly increased energy
Poor judgment
Inappropriate social behavior
*Demi Lovato Clip & Doc Clip

19. Seasonal Affective Disorder
Experience depression during the winter months.
Based not on temperature, but on amount of sunlight.
Treated with light therapy.