1. Ocean Floor Ocean Zones
Chapter 3

2. Ocean Floor
Draw , label and define the ocean floor in your notebook be sure to include all areas presented in this section.

3. Ocean Topography
Main Features

4. Topography Is the study of Earth's surface shape and features.
Ocean topography is the study of the ocean floor and the features of which.

5. Continental shelf
Is the extended perimeter of each continent and associated coastal plain, and was part of the continent during the glacial periods, but is undersea during interglacial periods.
Extends from the edge of the continent outward to where the bottom sharply drops off into a steep slope. This is the part you swim in at the beach, until the BIG drop-off about 1,300 km off the coast.

6. Continental slope
The descending slope which connects the sea floor to the Continental shelf. This is still considered to be part of the Continent.
Is the steep incline between the continental shelf and the abyssal plain. This is the drop-off.

7. Continental rise
A gentle slope with a generally smooth surface, built up by the shedding of sediments from the continental block, and located between the continental slope and the abyssal plain.

8. Abyssal plains
Abyssal plains are flat or very gently sloping areas of the deep ocean basin floor. They generally lie between the foot of a continental rise and a mid-oceanic ridge.
Home to a variety of unique organisms that are adapted to the extreme conditions of this habitat.

9. Volcanic fissure
A linear volcanic vent through which lava erupts, usually without any explosive activity. The vent is usually a few meters wide and may be many kilometers long

10. Hydrothermal Vent
Is a fissure in a planet's surface from which geothermal heated water issues.
Is an opening in the sea floor where super-heated water and other material are discharged into the surrounding seawater.
Hydrothermal vents are commonly found near volcanically active places, areas where tectonic plates are moving apart, ocean basins, and hotspots.

11. Mid-Ocean ridge
A mid-ocean ridge is an underwater mountain range, typically having a valley known as a rift running along its spine, formed by plate tectonics. It is usually an oceanic spreading center, which is responsible for seafloor spreading.

12. Trench
The oceanic trenches are hemispheric-scale (one hemisphere to another) long but narrow topographic depressions of the sea floor. They are also the deepest parts of the ocean floor.

13. Mariana Trench
Is the deepest part of the world's oceans, and the deepest location on the surface of the Earth's crust. It has a maximum depth of about 10,911meters, or 11 kilometers.

14. Sea Mount
A seamount is a mountain rising from the ocean seafloor that does not reach to the water's surface (sea level), and thus is not an island. These are typically formed from extinct volcanoes, that rise abruptly.

15. Oceanic Island
One type of oceanic island is found in a volcanic island arc. These islands arise from volcanoes where the subduction of one plate under another is occurring.

16. Ocean Floor

17. Ocean Floor

18. Light Zone
Draw a diagram to represent the different light zones label and describe each zone

19. Light Zones
The Aphotic-Zone is the lowest layer of the ocean where light does not reach.
Photic-zone is the top layer of the ocean where sunlight penetrates.
Disphotic
Euphotic

20. Temperature
Draw a diagram to represent the different temperature regions in the ocean. Be sure to label and describe each zone

21. Ocean Temperature
Surface Temperature due to ocean mixing water can be heated to a depth of 300 m
Equator = 30oC (86oF)
Poles = -2oC (28.4oF)
Below that depth the water is very cold, since ocean temperature decreases rapidly with depth

22. Surface Temperature and Salinity by Latitude

23. Ocean Temperature Zones
Mixed Layer
Ocean’s surface region where waves and wind mix heat evenly
Absorbs almost all of the sun’s light
Most marine life found in this layer

24. Ocean Temperature Zones
Middle Zone
Also called the thermocline
Temperature drops very rapidly here

25. Ocean Temperature Zones
Deep Water
This cold, dense water moves away from the polar regions along the ocean floor and spreads itself over the globe beneath other ocean water
Here, temperatures are about 2°C

26. Variations in Ocean Water Temperatures
Surface layer is warmest
Thermocline is transition layer so colder
Bottom layer is coldest

27. Ocean Layering
Note - thermocline & warm surface layer absent in polar seas, temperatures cold top to bottom
In general, ocean layering is caused by density differences of warm and cold water.

28. Zone Brochure
You will need to create a brochure for the different ocean zones
Each zone must include a picture, description, types of plants and animals living in that zone
Special adaptations the organisms must make to survive that zone
Front Cover must have a name, slogan , and picture to represent the ocean zones it is worth 15 points
Possible points is 159
Grade will be counted 2x
Intertidal Zone
Neritic Zone
Open Ocean
Deep Ocean
Description of location 4
Habitats
Organisms
Light Exposure
Temperature
Salinity
Pressure
One Other Fact
Picture of the zone
Total Points Sections

29. Ocean Zones

30. Relationships
Sustainability – capable of continuing (meeting the needs of the present) over a long period of time without causing permanent damage in the future.
All these organisms are found in almost every marine habitat to help complete the food webs.

31. Ocean Zones
The Intertidal Zone is where the ocean meets the land. This area is exposed to air for part of the day.

32. Intertidal Zone
Intertidal Zone - the area that lies between the low-tide and the high-tide line.
Rocky shores
Mangroves
Salt Marshes
Estuaries: a body of water where a river meets the ocean.

33. Estuaries
Estuaries are areas where fresh water from streams and rivers spills into the ocean. Fresh water and salt water are always mixing in estuaries.

34. Estuaries
Plants and Animals of Estuaries Estuaries are rich in nutrients and support large numbers of plankton. The plankton provide food for larger animals, such as fish.
Mammals and birds feed on fish and plants in estuaries.
Filters Pollutions

35. Organisms by Zone- Intertidal Zones and Upper Photic Zones
Nekton - free-swimming organisms whose movements are independent of the tides, currents, and waves.
Phytoplankton - The plant and algae component of the plankton; the primary producers of most ocean food webs.
Zooplankton - Animal component of the plankton that feed on phytoplankton and other zooplankton (primary consumers).

36. Groups of Marine life

37. Coast-Shorelines, Rocky, Sandy, Coral Reefs
Diverse plants and animals that have adapted to variable conditions .
Can tolerate variations in water salinity, D.O., and wave action
Light
Small percentage of total ocean body, but contains most of the seafood caught for human consumption.
Other coastal habitats: mangroves, kelp forests
Typical species:
Fish species worldwide: 28,000
Cnidarians (seapens/Jellyfish/corals) worldwide: 11,000
Crustaceans worldwide: 52,000

38. Zones of Life along a Rocky Shore
Why are some animals and plants located in special zones and not all over?

39. Sandy Shoreline Community
Soft bottom communities are found in areas where
sediment has accumulated
Dominate the east coast
of the U.S and the gulf
coast
Due to the environmental conditions most animals bury themselves in the substrate.
Ghost crab

40. Sandy Beach Zonation

41. The Neritic Zone
is farther away from the shore. The ocean floor starts to slope downward and the water is becomes deeper. The water is warm and receives a lot of sunlight.

42. Ocean Zones cont.
The Oceanic Zone contains the deep water of the open ocean. Some animals in this zone live in very deep water.

43. Deep Ocean Zones Surface zone- the top part of the ocean water.
Transition zone- surface up to 1 km.
Deep ocean or Abyssal plain- mostly flat portion of ocean floor which provides a home to a variety of unique organisms that are adapted to the extreme conditions of this habitat.

44. Open Ocean-Pelagic Zone
photosynthesis is performed by phytoplankton, algae.
low in nutrients because organic debris (such as dead animals) sinks to much greater depths.
some areas nutrients are brought to surface by upwelling, storms, and ocean currents
phytoplankton grow rapidly
These areas are some of the most productive on the planet, supporting tons of life.
Typical species: squid, tuna, marlin, sharks, seabirds, dolphins, and toothed whales, blue whale, sea turtles
Light to approximately 200m
Temp in winter 55F to summer 65-70F

45. Open Ocean-Mesopelagic
Beyond the continental shelf
Organisms migrate seasonally for mating and food resources (vertical sea column migrations)
Twilight zone of the ocean because little light penetrates this deep and beginning of bioluminescence range
Temp: 40-65F

46. Open Ocean Organisms

47. The Benthic Zone
is the ocean floor. The deepest parts of the benthic zone do not get any sunlight and are very cold.

48. The Sea Floor-Benthic Zone includes the Abyssal Zone
Depths of 2,000 to 6,000 meters (6,560 to 19,680 feet)
Perpetual darkness
Very few species exist in this part relative to other ocean zones
Extreme Pressure water pressure increases one atmosphere every 33 feet in depth
Animals: deep-sea anglerfish, giant squid, black swallower, tripod fish.
Hydrothermal vents: Chemosynthesis, the basis of life in the deep sea
abundance of life around mid-ocean vents due to chemosynthetic bacteria-supported large tube worms, crustaceans, and multitudes of other organisms.
Temp: 33-40F year round
NO SUN NECESSARY!

49. Organisms by Zone- Deep Ocean
Bioluminescence -The production of non-thermal light by creatures' converting chemical energy to light energy to lure prey, attract a mate, or assist in keeping like species together. An estimated 75 percent of benthic creatures glow.
Benthos - organisms that live on or in the ocean floor.

50. Salinity-generally increases with depth surface fluctuations are caused by formation of sea ice, influx of fresh water, and evaporation

51. Benthic zone

52. Ocean Zones

53. Ocean Zones

54. Upwelling
the upward movement to the ocean surface of deeper, cold and usually nutrient-rich waters, especially along some shores, due to the offshore movement of surface water.