1. Reproductive organs
Dr. Sándor Katz

2. Female reproductive system
Internal constituents:
Ovaries
Fallopian tubes
Uterus
Vagina
External constituents:
Clitoris
Labia minora
Labia majora

3. Female reproductive organs - location
Infraperitoneal organs.

4. Ovary Connective tissue bed filled follicles with developing ova.
Parts:
Cortex
Medulla
(Women can ovulate between years of age – 480 ovulation/reproductive period.)

5. Maturation of follicles
1. Primordial follicle: simple squamous epithelium
2. Primary follicle: simple cuboidal epithelium
3. Secondary follicle: stratified cuboidal epithelium 3.

6. Maturation of follicles
4. Graafian follicle

7. Fallopian tube
Transports ova.
Fimbriae
Infundibulum
Ampulla
Isthmus

8. Uterus
Fundus
Body
Cervix

9. Ligaments of uterus

10. Pouches of uterus Recto-uterine pouch or Douglas- pouch:
Deepest point of female abdominal cavity.
(fluid accumulation)
Vesico-uterine pouch:
No clinical relevances.

11. Uterus - wall Endometrium: 2. Myometrium: 3. Perimetrium:
simple columnar epithelium, glands, blood vessels, connective tissue.
Layers: functional:
stratum compactum
stratum spongyosum
basal
2. Myometrium:
smooth muscle
3. Perimetrium:
peritoneum

12. Menstrual cycle Menstrual phase:
loss of functional layer of endometrium.
2. Proliferative phase: development of functional layer of endometrium (glands, blood vessels)
Secretory phase:
preparation for the implantation of an embryo. If fertilization does not occur the menstrual flow begins.

13. Menstrual phase
(Coiled arteries constrict – deprivation of endometrium from blood supply – discharge outer endometrium lining.
Content of flow: blood, epithelium, connective tissue. Volume: 35-45ml. )

14. Vagina Receives secretion from uterus and penis during copulation.
Pathway for fetus.
Lined by stratified squamous epithelium.

15. External genitalia 1. Clitoris: 2 erectile bodies 2. Labia majora:
folds of skin
3. Labia minora:
folds of skin. No hair.

17. Male reproductive organs
Internal components:
Gonad – testis
Duct – system: epididymis, deferent duct, ejaculatory duct
Additional glands: seminal vesicle, prostate gland, bulbourethral gland
External component:
Penis

18. Testis Location: in a skin pouch- scrotum. Forms sperm.
Produces testosterone.
Connective tissue capsule.
Connective tissue septa – lobules.
Lobules contain 2-3 seminiferous tubules.

19. Testis - histology
Germinal epithelium – changing characteristic – sperm.
Sertoli cell:
Supporting function, maintains hormone level, blood-testis-barrier.
Leydig cell:
Produces testosterone.

20. Epididymis Stores sperm.
Lined by pseudostratified columnar epithelium.

21. Deferent duct
45 cm long.
Contracts during ejaculation.

22. Spermatic cord Contents: Deferent duct Deferential vessels
Testicular artery
Pampiniform plexus
Genital branch of genitofemoral nerve
Cremasteric muscle
Cremasteric vessels
Sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves

23. Seminal vesicle
60% of semen.
Fructose secretion.

24. Prostate gland
15-30% of semen.
Acids secretion – activates sperm.

25. Bulbourethral glands Location: urogenital diaphragm.
Secrete viscous fluid –
lubrication of the urethra.

26. Penis

27. Penis 2 corpora cavernosa – blood sinuses
1 corpus spongiosum - urethra

28. Steps of erection Sexual stimulus
Relaxation of the smooth muscle in cavernous space and arterioles
Blood inflow (50ml) to the cavernous space
Occlusion of the venous drainage
Intracavernous blood pressure > systemic blood pressure
ERECTION

29. Rectovesical pouch Deepest point of male abdominal cavity.
No relevances.

30. Pathology – Human papilloma virus
Penile warts
Cervix cancer

31. Pathology – Human papilloma virus
HPV is transmitted through intimate skin-to-skin contact.
(Every year, over 27,000 women and men are affected by a cancer caused by HPV— that's a new case every 20 minutes.)
Persistent HPV infection can cause cervical and other cancers including:
Cervical cancer: The most common HPV cancer. Almost all cervical cancer is caused by HPV.
Vulvar cancer: About 69% are linked to HPV.
Vaginal cancer: About 75% are linked to HPV.
Penile cancer: About 63% are linked to HPV.
Anal cancer: About 91% are linked to HPV.
Cancer of the back of the throat: About 72% are linked to HPV. [Note: Many of these cancers may be related to tobacco and alcohol use]

32. Thank you for your attention.
References: Gray’s Anatomy for Students
Elsevier, Kierszenbaum: Histology and Cell Biology: An Introduction
to Pathology 2e
LWW: Langman’s Medical Embryology
WebPathology.com