1. Maintaining Homeostasis
Nervous, Endocrine & Immune Systems

2. The Nervous System  A reaction to stimuli
MAIN FUNCTIONS:
Control and coordinate functions (ex. balance, breathing, heart rate, movement, etc.
Respond to Stimuli

3. Regions of the human brain
BRAIN STEM: involuntary actions (breathing, heart rate, etc.)
CEREBELLUM: involuntary functions (balance and coordination)
CEREBRUM- voluntary functions (senses, thoughts, emotions, speech)

4. How does the nervous system send its messages? It uses NEURONS!

5. Structure of a Neuron
Myelin Sheath covers the axon and insulates it, increasing the speed that messages travel
A bunch of neurons clustered together = Ganglion

6. Chemicals called Neurotransmitters are released into this synapse (space) so the message can be sent.
These chemicals attach to receptors on the next neuron based on their shape and then can communicate their message
Neurons line up to send messages throughout the body
The space between the neurons is called a SYNAPSE

8. The Nervous System: Two Main Parts
Central
Brain
Spinal Cord
Peripheral Nervous System
Sensory Nerves
Motor Nerves
Autonomic Nervous
System
Somatic Nervous

9. Peripheral Nervous System (PNS):
We learned before about a stimulus and a response. Let’s take a closer look at exactly what happens in your body.
Stimulus → Sensory Nerve → CNS → Motor Nerves → Response
All impulses can only go in one direction…so why do we need 2 types of nerves?

10. Peripheral Nervous System (PNS):
Stimulus → Sensory Nerve → CNS → Motor Nerves → Response
Sensory Nerves = carry commands from sensory organs (such as skin) to the CNS

11. Peripheral Nervous System (PNS):
Stimulus → Sensory Nerve → CNS → Motor Nerves → Response
Motor Nerves = carry commands from CNS to muscles, other organs (such as glands)
Autonomic Nervous System- Not in our conscious control (Digestion, breathing)
Somatic Nervous System – In our conscious control (Walking)

13. Problems with the Nervous System
Alzheimer’s-Deterioration of memory, personality, ability to function
Causes: Genetic Mutations, Abnormal clumps and tangled bundles of fibers in brain
Symptoms/Effects: Forgetfulness, loss of concentration, poor judgment, confusion
Treatment: No cure or way to slow down. Can take some meds if caught early enough to help with cognition.

15. Problems with the Nervous System
Multiple Sclerosis- nerve signals are slowed down or blocked
Causes: destruction of myelin sheath
Symptoms/Effects: depends on which nerves are affected- weakness on one side of the body, slurred speech, blurred vision, confusion
Treatment: sometimes the symptoms disappear, usually come back; use meds and therapy to ease symptoms

17. Problems with the Nervous System
Meningitis- inflammation of the membrane surrounding the brain and spinal cord
Causes: bacterial or viral infection that gets into the brain
Symptoms/Effects: high fever, severe headache, nausea, sudden changes in behavior/ can result in deafness, paralysis, mental retardation
Treatment: depends on type- antiviral meds, antibiotics, other meds to treat symptoms, hospitalization

19. Endocrine System
What is involved in the endocrine system?
1. Endocrine GLANDS- secrete (release) HORMONES into the blood
2. Hormones- chemicals that have a specific shape. Shape must match to the receptor to give the cell a message

20. What is the main function (job) of the Endocrine System?
Release chemicals to send messages to other parts of the body
Chemicals= Hormones
Glands= Make and release hormones

21. Each gland makes a hormone that travels through the bloodstream to send a message by matching the shape of the receptor on a cell

22. Pituitary
Thyroid
Adrenal
Pancreas
Ovaries
Testes

23. Pituitary Thyroid Metabolism Estrogen Testosterone
Growth and protein synthesis
Produce an egg
Fill in open follicle
Thyroid
Metabolism
-Helps glucose go into cells from bloodstream
-Decreases the rate of glucose going into cells
“Fight or Flight”: inc. heart rate, blood pressure, blood flow, breathing, release of glucose, sweating
Estrogen
Testosterone

24. Try the next few pages on your own or with a partner.

25. Disorders of the Endocrine System

26. Thyroid Gland Hormone: Thyroxin Overactivity (Too much hormone)
Increased metabolic rate
Increased food intake but loss of weight
Hyperthyroidism (Grave’s disease)
Goitre (swollen neck, maybe bulging eyes)

27. Goiter

28. Underactivity (Not enough hormone)
Thyroid Gland
Hormone: Thyroxin
Underactivity (Not enough hormone)
Hypothyroidism (Hashimoto’s disease)
- Reduced metabolic rate
Low food intake but gain of weight
Myxoedema (when onset in adults)
Cretinism (when onset in children)
Can also cause a goitre

29. Myxoedema Puffiness (swelling) Fatigue Obesity Dry, thickened skin
Mental impairment
Thin, brittle hair

30. Cretinism Protuberant abdomen Short Stature Infertility
Neurological impairment
Constant Fatigue
Obesity

31. Thyroid Gland Hormone: Calcitonin Overactivity Underactivity
- Increased Bone Ca, decreased Blood Ca
- Tetany (nerve problems leading to muscle spasms or cramps)
Underactivity
- Increase Blood Ca, decreased Bone Ca
Osteoporosis (brittle bones)
Kidney stones

32. Hormone: Parathormone (PTH) Underactivity
Parathyroid Glands
Hormone: Parathormone (PTH)
Underactivity
Low Blood calcium, High Bone Ca
Tetany
Overactivity
High Blood calcium, Low Bone Ca
Osteoporosis

33. Hormone: Insulin Overactivity Underactivity Pancreas
Low blood sugar level ( ↓BSL)
Hypoglycemia
Underactivity
High blood sugar level ( ↑BSL)
Hyperglycemia
Diabetes

34. Hormone: Glucagon Overactivity Underactivity Pancreas
High blood sugar level ( ↑BSL)
Diabetes
Underactivity
Low blood sugar level ( ↓BSL)
Hyper insulinism

35. Anterior Pituitary Gland
Hormone: Growth Hormone
Overactive
Giantism (children - very tall)
Acromegaly (adults - bones & skin thicken)
Underactive
- Dwarfism (very short)

36. Giantism
The man holding the baby in the photo is 8 ft, 2.5 inches tall

37. Acromegaly

38. Dwarfism
Dwarfism occurs when there is short supply of GH in childhood. There are two types of dwarfism – Lorrain and Frohlich’s

39. Intermediate Pituitary Gland
Hormone: MSH- Melanocyte Stimulating Hormone (causes color cells in skin to darken)
Overactive
Skin darkens
Underactive
Skin will not darken
Albinism

40. albinism

41. Intermediate Pituitary Gland
Hormone: LH, FSH, ICTH (sex hormones in males and females that aid in gamete production
Overactive
Unknown
Underactive
Sterility