1. Chapter 9:
Speech and Language

2. Definitions: Communication: Exchange of Information and Knowledge –
A basic human need
Sender – Receiver – Channel (route through which information travels)
Can be verbal or non verbal

3. Elements:
Language (p.275) “a system of symbols, governed by complex rules, that individuals use for communication”
Can be spoken or non spoken (ASL)
Expressive Language – ability to produce language
Receptive Language – the ability to comprehend

4. Language: A background
How do we develop language?
Skinner – Behaviorist Theory - Nurture
Chomsky – LAD (Language Acquisition Device) – Nature
Is there a critical or sensitive period for language development
Story of Genie (Critical period for sentence structure – rules, sensitive period for language)

5. Speech/Language Impairment
Defined as
“a communication disorder, such as stuttering, impaired articulation, language impairment, or a voice impairment that adversely affects a child’s educational performance” (p.275)
Importance of Speech Language Pathologist

6. Specific Language Impairments (SLI)
Language delay (slower acquisition of language)
Aphasia (loss of language after it has developed)
From accident/injury / TBI

7. Speech Disorders – 4 categories
1) Voice disorders (difficulty with pitch, vocal quality, etc.)
-unusually soft speech
-muffled speech
-cleft lip and palate issues
2)Articulation disorders
Omission (bo – for boat)
Additions (ammmmaminal for animal)
Errors of distortion (sh for s)

8. Fluency Disorders
Stuttering (speech broken by sound repetitions, prolonged sound, absence of sound)
Many stutterers in history/popular culture
SLP very helpful here

9. Disorders of Resonance:
Weak speech

10. Biological causes Physiological issues TBI (frontal lobes)
Hearing loss/deafness
Aphasia
Cleft Lip/Palate (congenital birth defect)

11. Environmental Causes:
Skinnerian theory
True environment issue (talk to your child, talk with your child)
Children of Low SES of high risk for speech/language issues
b/c of inadequate medical care ( for ear infections, etc.)

12. Cognitive/Academic Characteristics
Need S/L skills for communication and learning in all subject areas
Children who have S/L delays at high risk for reading disability

13. Social/Emotional Characteristics
Teasing
Low self esteem
Self consciousness
Difficulty in social situations
Difficulty in academic situations
Difficulty with being “taken seriously” in the academic arena

14. Behavioral Characteristics
If you can’t express needs verbally – there is ultimate frustration… Students with SLP at high risk for behavioral disorders

15. Dual Diagnosis/Co morbidity
Autism
Hearing Loss
Physical/health disability, etc.

16. Eligibility for Services
Does student have a SIGNIFICANT delay?
Does the students S/L issues effect educational performance
Can the student benefit from intervention

17. Importance: Early intervention services
Most (88% of student) receive pull out services from a speech language pathologist
Transition and adulthood services:
(self advocation, self esteem, academic demands)

18. Visit/explore a website which deals with an SLP issue we talked about today:
Operation smile
Stuttering Foundation
fo/a/aphasia.htm
lopment/language_development.shtml