1. The Past Perfect and The past Perfect Progressive

2. Past Perfect Use the past perfect when one action in the past happened before another action in the past. Put the earlier action in the past perfect and the later action in the simple past.

3. Past Perfect had + ed
It is used to talk about actions that were completed at an unspecified time before another past action ( at different times). I had already done my homework when my mother arrived.
With before, by the time, until and when the verb is in the simple past.
With after the verb is the past perfect

4. Past Perfect It is used only when a clear relationship exists with an event in simple past time. It indicates that an action was completed before another one in the past. When I arrived at the party, everyone had left

5. Because the past perfect means “before”, it must relate a past event to another past event or time. Steve had just dropped a bag of groceries when Marie came into the kitchen. He had not finished when we arrived.

6. EVER, NEVER (experiences before a specific past time) YET, STILL, ALREADY (completed before a specific past time) JUST (happened a short time before a specific past time)

7. By 1958 Oprah ____________________ her first speech.
Was born gave 1st got 1st got 1st hosted talk was in her 1st got own built her starred in film speech radio job TV job show major movie show own studio Beloved ---/ / / / / / / / /
By 1958 Oprah ____________________ her first speech.
By 1971 she _____________________ her first TV job
By 1972 she _____________________ her first radio job.
By 1972 she _____________________ in a major movie.
By 1985 she _____________________ her own TV show.
By 1986 she _____________________ in a major movie
BY 1987 she _____________________ her own studio.
By 2000 she _____________________ in the film Beloved

8. Use because to connect sentences. 1. His car broke down
Use because to connect sentences His car broke down He took the bus. ________________________________________ 2. Charlotte was depressed She failed her English exam. ________________________________________ 3. We didn’t eat all day We were really hungry. ________________________________________ 4. We studied hard for three weeks We thought the test was easy. __________________________________________ 5. Neville couldn’t sleep He drank several cups of very strong coffee.

9. 1. He took the bus because his car had broken down. 2
1. He took the bus because his car had broken down. 2. Charlotte was depressed because she had failed her English exam. 3. We were really hungry because we hadn’t eaten all day. 4. We thought the test was easy because we had studied hard for three weeks 5. Neville couldn’t sleep because he had drunk several cups of strong coffee.

10. Past perfect progressive had + been + ing
It is used to talk about actions that were in progress up to another past action or time. I had been doing my homework when she arrived.
It expresses a sense that the action was ongoing and is often used with for, since, all day, all night

11. Past Perfect Progressive It tells us about the length of the action and the specific point when it ended. It occurs with since or for to specify the duration of the action. I had been playing for two hours when I fell and twisted my ankle.

12. When the race started, it was raining and the streets were wet
When the race started, it was raining and the streets were wet. (It was still raining during the race) When the race started, it had been raining and the streets were wet. (It wasn’t raining during the race. It had already stopped)

13. Explain the difference in meaning A. When the phone rang, I was eating
Explain the difference in meaning A. When the phone rang, I was eating. B. When the phone rang, I ate. C. When the phone rang, I had eaten. D. When the phone rang, I was going to eat. E. When the phone rang, I had been eating.

14. THE END!