1. Succession
Primary succession
Secondary succession
Sere
Submerged plants
Emergent plants
Pioneer community
Climax community
Phytoplankton
Zooplankton

2. Succession

3. Why does succession occur?
What is succession?
Regular predictable changes in a community over a period of time
Why does succession occur?
Organism change their environment
They change it in such a way that they no longer can exist and another organism takes it place

4. EX) Apple juice/sweet cider Succession
Hard cider
Apple cider vinegar

5. How does this occur? Sweet cider Hard cider
Sweet cider is made from apples
On the tree the apple is exposed to bacteria/yeast found in the air
Sweet cider contains:
Sugar
Water
Oxygen
Yeast
Bacteria

6. What happened?
Yeast used the sugar as a food source and produced alcohol and carbon dioxide as waste products (fermentation)
Before rising
After rising

7. Eventually the yeast die out
Lack of food
Build up of waste
So now the environment has changed from sweet to alcohol

8. Hard cider vinegar When the yeast die out the bacteria take over
The bacteria use the alcohol as a food source and produces acetic acid (vinegar) as a waste product

9. Let’s Review What is succession? Why does it happen?
Regular predictable changes in a community
Sweet to hard cider to vinegar
This order never changes, you don’t go to the cupboard to grab vinegar to find it is sweet cider
Why does it happen?
Organisms change their environment
Yeast turns a sweet environment to alcohol
Bacteria alcohol to vinegar
End day 1

10. Types of Succession
1. Primary Succession
-begins with bare rock/water

11. Secondary Succession Begins with the destruction /disturbance of an
existing ecosystem

12. Terrestrial Primary Succession
Begins with bare rocks

13. Why can’t organisms survive on rocks?
Temperature varies greatly
Little moisture
No nutrients
Exposed to the wind
Few hiding places

14. Pioneer Community
The first to colonize and begin the soil building process
Lichens
and Mosses

15. Lichens Dominant pioneer organism
Mutualistic relationship between algae and fungus

16. How do lichens begin the soil building process?
Fungus stores water that would normally run off
They accumulate debris carried by the wind
Acids produced by the fungus breakdown the rock
Decay of the lichens as they die form detritus.

17. SOIL is the KEY to SUCCESSION!
The thin layer of soil can support mosses, small worms, insects and a few plants.
As these grow , reproduce and die they add to the soil layer

18. Eventually, the lichen community dies out and is replaced by a community of small plants.
Pioneer Community
Climax Community

19. Climax Community Last stage of Succession Able to reproduce themselves
DO NOT change the environment , so the organisms that are part of it are replaced by other of the same species. (succession stops)
Are in energy balance
Have larger numbers and kinds of organisms and more interactions between organisms.
(Very complex food webs)

20. Aquatic Primary Succession
Primary succession in water begins with deep water and floating plants
Most aquatic systems are
considered temporary
WHY?
Continuously being filled in
with sediment
AGAIN, SOIL IS THE KEY!
End day 2

21. Aquatic Primary Succession
Deep freshwater, no sediment. Microorganism and phytoplankton exist.
Sedimentation occurs. This allows submerged plants to take root
Fill in death of a pond birth of a forest End of day 2

22. Secondary Succession
Occurs when an existing ecosystem is destroyed or disturbed in some way

23. Examples of Secondary Succession
Forest fire
Flooding
Clear cutting
Plowing
Secondary succession occurs faster than primary succession because
SOIL is already there
Plant life is near by to supply seeds

24. 65) Tropical rainforest
66) Desert
67) Savanna
68) Temperate grassland/prairie/steppe
69) Temperate deciduous forest
70) Taiga
71) Tundra
72) Biome
73) Permafrost
74) Biomass

25. Terrestrial BIOMES Types of Climax Communities Desert
Steppes/grassland/Prairie
Savanna
Tropical Rainforest
Temperate Deciduous Forest
Taiga
Tundra
Terrestrial

26. Aquatic Biomes
Marine
Estuaries
Freshwater

27. These biomes are located around the world.
Species involved may not be the same but the kinds of niches will be similar.
Grasslands of US = bison
Steppes of Asia = wild horses
Savanna of Africa = Wildebeest (Gnu)

28. Abiotic factors that determine biomes
Temperature
Precipitation
Climate

29. Grazer Savanna Grazer Tropical Rain Forest High Species Diversity
Climax community
Plants
Animals
Climate
Active at night
Sidewinder, camel
scorpion
<25 cm/yr
Temp varies in 24 hrs
Avg temp above freezing
DESERT
CACTI
Temperate grassland
No Trees
Grass
<75 cm/yr
Precip evenly distributed
Warm/cold season
Grazer
Savanna
<150cm/yr wet/dry
Constant temperature
Grass and Drought
Resistant Trees
Grazer
>200 cm/yr
Evenly distributed
Temp warm constant
Located near equator
Tropical
Rain Forest
High Species
Diversity
High Species
Diversity
Temperate
Deciduous Forest
Warm/cold seasons
cm/yr
Evenly distributed
Maple, Oak, Beech
Trees drop their leaves
Deer, black bear,
Skunk, raccoons
Long snowy winters
Short cool summer
<75cm/yr
Taiga
Owls, grizzly bear,
Wolverine, moose
Conifers, spruce, firs
Tundra
Permafrost
No trees,lichens
Caribou, ptarmigan
Arctic fox, polar bear
<25cm/yr
Avg. temp below freezing

31. Climatographs

32. Affect of Latitude on Biome Distribution

33. Affect of Altitude on Biome Distribution

34. Altitude/Latitude Worksheet

35. Latitude