1. English Social Studies Department Grade Quarter Two Chapter lesson 3 Middle Ages Trade and Commerce

2. Trade in Europe During the middle ages, Europe practiced Feudalism.
Feudalism: Political and social system of medieval Europe in which vassals were protected by lords whom they served.
Vassals: tenant – farmer
Feudal Lord: European land owner in the middle ages.

3. Trade in Europe
In this system, there was very little trade because people were still dependent on agriculture for their daily lives.
People exchanged goods by working for each other.
By the end of the middle ages, Europe began to trade regularly with other parts of the world.

4. The Crusades
There were many factors which influenced the expansion of medieval trade and commerce:
The most important factor in this expansion was the Crusades.
Crusades: Medieval military expedition by European Christian to recover the holy land from the Muslims.

5. The Crusades
Increased trade started when Europeans were sent to fight wars in Palestine by the catholic church. These wars were called “ The Crusades”.
People who fought in the crusades returned home with goods from north Africa and Asia.
The medieval navigators imported spices, groceries, linen, Egyptian paper, pearls, perfumes.

6. Trade made the merchants rich, and it also brought wealth to the rulers of the land, in which the trading took place.
Many of the rulers would demand a fee or a gift to them for allowing the foreigners to trade in their land, and they also taxed all traded goods.
Numerous wars were fought over trade, because of the great profit it brought to the land.
The crusades were not just religious wars, they also aimed to take one of the largest trading centers and routes in the world.

7. The Italian States
The conquest of Palestine by the crusaders opened all the towns and harbors of this wealthy region to western traders.
The towns of Venice and Florence began to prosper because of the growing trade with Asia.
Venice and Florence established control of European trade until the growth of ottoman empire in the 1450s.
Because of the close relations with Arab communities for a very long time, this made it easy to them to buy things from Arab and sell them again to other towns in Europe.

8. Those towns traded with Cairo, Alexandria, Damascus, Baghdad and Mosul.
These trading became important, because of their strategic locations.
Products were carried across the Mediterranean to Italian seaports.

9. The factors that helped the development trade during the middle ages:
1- The use of compass: it enabled for discovering new routes.
2- The growth of the ottoman empire in the middle east and north Africa forced Europeans to search for other trades routes to Asia.
3- Competition between European kings. Each king wanted to have control of new routes.

10. The search for new trade routes led to the discovery :
1- America by Christopher Columbus
2- The discovery of the new trade routes to India via the cape.
3- The discovery of cape town by “ Bartholomew Dias”.
These discoveries ended Venice and Florence's domination of trade with the east.

11. Arab and Muslims in middle age trade
During the middle ages, Muslims, merchants, sailors, traders, soldiers and scholars made contact with isolated regions, nations and civilizations.
They established early global economy across most of Asia, Africa and Europe.
The Muslim trade network extended from the Atlantic ocean and the Mediterranean sea in the west to the Indian ocean and china in the east.
This helped the establishment of the Islamic empire as the world’s leader in trade.

12. Muslims achievements in the market economy
An early form of a free market economy based on Islamic standards was present in the different caliphate.
New business techniques and forms of business organizations were introduced by Muslim economists and merchants during this time.
Such techniques included the use of contracts, bill of exchange, long distance international trades and early forms of partnerships.

13. Networks developed during this time.
This system enabled people to keep their money in a bank and cashed in Spain. Similar to the check system that is used today.

14. Answer the following sentences:
1- What is meant by “Feudalism”?
2- Why was there very little trade in the middle ages?
3- What was the main important factor in this expansion of medieval trade and commerce?
4- what is meant by Crusades?
5- How could the crusades help in the expansion of medieval trade and commerce?
6- How could the trade bring wealth to the rulers of the land, in which the trading took place?
7- What were the aims of the crusades?
8- Why did Venice and Florence begin to prosper during Crusades?
9- How could Venice and Florence benefit from their close relations with Arab communities?
10- Which countries did Venice and Florence trade with?
11- Why was the trade between the Italian States and Arabs important? 132

15. 12- What were The factors that helped the development trade during the middle ages? What did the search for new trade routes lead to? Why were Arabs and Muslims the world’s leaders in trade in the middle age? What were the Muslims’ achievements in the market economy? 135

16. 1- What is meant by “Feudalism”?
Feudalism: Political and social system of medieval Europe in which vassals were protected by lords whom they served.
2- Why was there very little trade in the middle ages? 128
In the system of Feudalism, people were still dependent on agriculture for their daily lives.
3- What was the main important factor in this expansion of medieval trade and commerce? 129
Crusades
4- what is meant by Crusades? 129
Crusades: Medieval military expedition by European Christian to recover the holy land from the Muslims.
5- How could the crusades help in the expansion of medieval trade and commerce?
People who fought in the crusades returned home with goods from north Africa and Asia.
The medieval navigators imported spices, groceries, linen, Egyptian paper, pearls, perfumes.

17. 6- How could the trade bring wealth to the rulers of the land, in which the trading took place? 130
Many of the rulers would demand a fee or a gift to them for allowing the foreigners to trade in their land, and they also taxed all traded goods.
7- What were the aims of the crusades?
The crusades were not just religious wars, they also aimed to take one of the largest trading centers and routes in the world.
8- Why did Venice and Florence begin to prosper during Crusades?
The towns of Venice and Florence began to prosper because of the growing trade with Asia.
9- How could Venice and Florence benefit from their close relations with Arab communities? 131
Because of the close relations with Arab communities for a very long time, this made it easy to them to buy things from Arab and sell them again to other towns in Europe.

18. These trading became important, because of their strategic locations.
10- Which countries did Venice and Florence trade with? 132
Those towns traded with Cairo, Alexandria, Damascus, Baghdad and Mosul.
11- Why was the trade between the Italian States and Arabs important? 132
These trading became important, because of their strategic locations.
12- What were The factors that helped the development trade during the middle ages?
1- The use of compass: it enabled for discovering new routes.
2- The growth of the ottoman empire in the middle east and north Africa forced Europeans to search for other trades routes to Asia.
3- Competition between European kings. Each king wanted to have control of new routes.

19. 13- What did the search for new trade routes lead to?
1- America by Christopher Columbus
2- The discovery of the new trade routes to India via the cape.
3- The discovery of cape town by “ Bartholomew Dias”.
14- Why were Arabs and Muslims the world’s leaders in trade in the middle age?
1- During the middle ages, Muslims and merchants made contact with isolated regions, nations and civilizations.
2- They established early global economy across most of Asia, Africa and Europe.
3- The Muslim trade network extended from the Atlantic ocean and the Mediterranean sea in the west to the Indian ocean and china in the east.
4- The Muslim trade network helped the establishment of the Islamic empire as the world’s leader in trade.

20. 15- What were the Muslims’ achievements in the market economy
15- What were the Muslims’ achievements in the market economy? 1- An early form of a free market economy based on Islamic standards was present in the different caliphate. 2- New business techniques and forms of business organizations were introduced by Muslim economists and merchants during this time. 3- Such techniques included the use of contracts, bill of exchange, long distance international trades and early forms of partnerships. 4- Networks developed during this time. 5- This system enabled people to keep their money in a bank and cashed in Spain. Similar to the check system that is used today.