1. THE BRAIN and Spinal Cord

2. Meninges
1. Layered membrane between skull and of tissue of the CNS
2. 3 layers:
-Dura Mater
-Arachnoid
-Pia Mater

3. dura mater Outer most layer Tough white fibrous connective tissue
Many blood vessels and nerves

4. Subdural hematoma: collection of blood outside the brain.
usually caused by severe head injuries.
bleeding causes increased pressure on the brain
can be life-threatening
Some subdural hematomas stop and resolve spontaneously; others require surgical drainage.

5. Dura mater around spine
Forms strong tubular sheath around spinal cord
EPIDURAL:
Medication is delivered through a catheter inserted into the epidural space just outside the membrane that surrounds spinal cord and spinal fluid.
It is the most commonly used method of pain relief for labor in the United States.

6. Arachnoid mater and pia mater
Arachnoid: is attached to under side of dura mater and above the pia mater
Pia mater:
very thin
Many nerves and blood vessels that nourish brain and spinal cord
Cerebral spinal fluid circulates in subarachnoid space located between arachnoid and pia mater

7. 9.13 Spinal cord Consists of 31 segments each gives rise to a pair of
Begins where nervous tissue leaves the cranial cavity at the level of the foramen magnum
Consists of 31 segments
each gives rise to a pair of
nerves
nerve pairs are part of PNS
Connect PNS to CNS

8. 2 major functions of spinal cord
Conduct impulses
Center for reflexes
Ascending tract:
Carry sensory to brain

9. Descending tract
Carry MOTOR instruction FROM brain

10. Brain

11. DEFINITION:
The part of the CNS located within the skull,
composed of 100 billion multipolar neurons,
weighs 3 pounds
Divided into 4 major portions

12. FUNCTION primary receiver, organizer and distributor of information for the body

13. Cerebral surface
Fissure: deep groove

14. 75% of all neuron cell bodies in the nervous system
Cerebral surface
(ridges)
(grooves)
75% of all neuron cell bodies in the nervous system
Myelinated axons, connect cell bodies with other parts of the nervous system

15. Cerebral cortex Functions: 1.Sensory-
-interpret impulses from sensory receptors
-produce feelings or sensations
2.Association –
-connect sensory with motor
-analyze and interpret sensory experiences
-oversee memory, reasoning, judgment,
verbalizing, & emotion
3. Motor-
-lie in frontal lobe
-axons cross from right to left control opposite side
of body

16. Cerebrum (7/8 of human brain)
Associated with higher brain functions such as thought and action.
Interprets sensory info
Initiates voluntary muscular movement
Stores information (MEMORY) and reasons
Responsible for Intelligence and personality

17. Named after skull bones they underlie!
Divided into 4 lobes
Named after skull bones they underlie!

18. Cerebrum largest and most complex part of the brain
Divided into left and right hemispheres, separated by duramater
corpus callosum:
provides communication between the right and left cerebral cortices

19. Left hemisphere
Right hemisphere
Sometimes the right hemisphere is associated with creativity and the left hemispheres is associated with logic abilities.
The corpus callosum is a bundle of axons which connects these two hemispheres.

20. Hemisphere Dominance
Most people have Dominant LEFT controls: speech writing & reading
Broca’s area in dominant hemisphere controls muscles in speaking
Non dominant specializes in nonverbal functions such as:
motor tasks
understanding and interpreting musical patterns
controls emotional and intuitive thinking

21. Ventricles
Are interconnected cavities within cerebral hemispheres & brainstem
Spaces are continuous with central spinal canal
Contains cerebral spinal fluid

22. Cerebral Spinal Fluid Functions in: support & protection Maintains:
stable ionic concentration IN CNS
Provides pathway to blood for wastes

23. Diencephalon- mostly gray matter
contains
1. Thalamus
-interprets all senses except smell(central relay station)
-synapses for voluntary movement
2. Hypothalamus
-maintains homeostasis
-controls heart rate, BP, temperature etc..
-coordinates the nervous and endocrine system

24. Spinal cord

25. Brain stem:Responsible for basic life functions such as
Breathing
Heartbeat
Blood pressure
Scientists say that this is the "simplest" part of human brains because a reptiles (who appear early on the evolutionary scale) entire brain resembles our brain stem.

26. Cerebellum (Little brain)4
-associated with regulation and coordination of movement, posture, and balance

27. Cranial nerves
12 pairs
Most are mixed containing sensory and motor neurons
Some associated with senses and are sensory only
learn names and what they do
row row row your boat

29. learn names and what they do
row row row your boat

30. Sensory Motor or Both