1. Ch. 21 Section 2- The Rise of the Cities
Life in the Industrial Age

2. Medicine contributes to the Population Explosion
Cities grew as rural people traveled to urban areas or cities for work
From , the population of Europe more than doubled because
The death rate fell
Nutrition improved
Medicine advanced
Improved public sanitation
As industrialization progressed,
city life underwent dramatic
changes in Europe and the US

3. The Fight against Disease/Hospital Care improves
British field-army nurse Florence Nightingale insisted that hospitals should do the sick no harm, good personal hygiene, and sanitary measures in hospitals
French chemist Louis Pasteur proved that certain microbes or germs can cause disease. He discovered the process of pasteurization, which killed disease- carrying microbes in milk
As people understood how germs caused disease, they bathed and changed their clothes more often  this resulted in lower rates of disease

4. City Life Changes
Growing wealth and industrialization changed the basic layout of European cities. City planners created spaces for new boulevards and avenues with government buildings, offices, stores and theaters
Settlement patterns also shifted. In most American cities, the rich lived in good neighborhoods on the outskirts of the city while the poor crowded into slums near the city center, within the factories

5. City Life………..Continued
Paved streets made urban areas more livable, gas lamps and then electric street lights lit up the night increasing safety, and sewage systems made cities much healthier places to live
Despite their drawbacks, cities attracted millions of people with their music halls, opera houses, theaters, libraries and sports
City life was harsh for the poor since they lived in overcrowded houses. Unemployment and illness meant lost wages and there was high rates of crime/alcoholism

6. The Working Class Advances
Workers tried to improve the harsh conditions of industrial life by protesting low wages, long hours, unsafe conditions, and the threat of unemployment
By the late 1800s, most Western countries had granted all men the right to vote. Early laws forbade employers to hire children under the age of ten and later laws completely banned child labor
Mutual-aid societies were formed, which were self-help groups to aid sick or injured workers. Governments established old-age pensions and disability insurance for workers

7. Labor Unions begin to grow
Men and women joined organized labor unions, which were associations formed to demand better working conditions, higher pay and others benefits from their employers. Their main tactic was the strike, or work stoppage
Pressured by unions, reformers, and working- class voters, governments passed laws to regulate working conditions
Overall, the standard of living (the quality and availability of necessities and comforts in a society) for workers rose
For example, families ate varied diets, lived in better homes, and dressed in inexpensive and mass produced clothing

8. Answer questions on page 605 #2-6. Write complete sentences
Answer questions on page 605 #2-6 Write complete sentences Turn in when finished