1. Strategizing Testing for Blockchain /Distributed Ledger Products
Hardik Verma | QA Automation Engineer | Capgemini

2. Abstract
Contracts, transactions, and the records of them are among the defining structures in our economic, legal, and political systems. They protect assets and set organizational boundaries. They establish and verify identities and chronicle events. They govern interactions among nations, organizations, communities, and individuals. They guide managerial and social action. And yet these critical tools and the bureaucracies formed to manage them have not kept up with the economy’s digital transformation. In a digital world, the way we regulate and maintain administrative control has to change. Blockchain promises to solve this problem. This whitepaper attempts to help QA understand how the blockchain technology is changing the Idea behind storing & verifying data and what we can do to verify and validate this.
Contracts, transactions, and the records of them are among the defining structures in our economic, legal, and political systems. They protect assets and set organizational boundaries. They establish and verify identities and chronicle events. They govern interactions among nations, organizations, communities, and individuals. They guide managerial and social action. And yet these critical tools and the bureaucracies formed to manage them have not kept up with the economy’s digital transformation. They’re like a rush-hour gridlock trapping a Formula 1 race car. In a digital world, the way we regulate and maintain administrative control has to change.
Blockchain promises to solve this problem.

3. BLOCKCHAIN
Going forward in the imminent slides I will be talking about how blockchain came into existence and how it works by this I want to focus your attention on what is blockchain, and after that I will emphasis on why there is a need for a generic strategy for testing products using blockchain technology.
The technology at the heart of bitcoin and other virtual currencies, blockchain is an open, distributed ledger that can record transactions between two parties efficiently and in a verifiable and permanent way. The ledger itself can also be programmed to trigger transactions automatically.

4. Little past and little future
Bayer, Haber and Stornetta incorporated Merkle trees to the blockchain as an efficiency improvement to be able to collect several documents into one block.
More than $1 billion has been given into Bitcoin and blockchain-related tech startups.
1992
2017
1991
2008
The first work on a cryptographically secured chain of blocks was described in 1991 by Stuart Haber and W. Scott Stornetta, in 1992, Bayer, Haber and Stornetta incorporated Merkle trees to the blockchain as an efficiency improvement to be able to collect several documents into one block.
The first distributed blockchain was then conceptualized by Satoshi Nakamoto in 2008 and implemented the following year as a core component of the digital currency bitcoin, where it serves as the public ledger for all transactions. Through the use of a peer-to-peer network and a distributed timestamping server, a blockchain database is managed autonomously. The use of the blockchain for bitcoin made it the first digital currency to solve the double spending problem without requiring a trusted administrator. The bitcoin design has been the inspiration for other applications
The first work on a cryptographically secured chain of blocks was described in 1991 by Stuart Haber and W. Scott Stornetta
The first distributed blockchain was then conceptualized by Satoshi Nakamoto in 2008

5. Principle of blockchain
Distributed Database
Everyone on a blockchain has access to the whole database with its history. No single party controls the information or the data. All parties can authenticate the records of its transaction partners directly, without an arbitrator.
Peer-to-Peer Communication
Communication occurs directly between peers instead of through a central node. Each node stores and forwards information to all other nodes.
Transparency with Pseudonymity
Every transaction and its associated value are visible to anyone with access to the system. Each node, or user, on a blockchain has a unique 30-plus-character alphanumeric address that identifies it.
Irreversibility of Records
Once a transaction is entered in the database and the accounts are updated, the records cannot be altered, because they’re linked to every transaction record that came before them (hence the term “chain”).
Computational Logic
The digital nature of the ledger means that blockchain transactions can be tied to computational logic and in essence programmed.
Here are five basic principles underlying the technology.
Distributed Database
Everyone on a blockchain has access to the whole database with its history. No single party controls the information or the data. All parties can authenticate the records of its transaction partners directly, without an arbitrator.
Peer-to-Peer Communication
Communication occurs directly between peers instead of through a central node. Each node stores and forwards information to all other nodes.
Transparency with Pseudonymity
Every transaction and its associated value are visible to anyone with access to the system. Each node, or user, on a blockchain has a unique 30-plus-character alphanumeric address that identifies it. Users can choose to remain anonymous or provide proof of their identity to others. Transactions occur between blockchain addresses.
Irreversibility of Records
Once a transaction is entered in the database and the accounts are updated, the records cannot be altered, because they’re linked to every transaction record that came before them (hence the term “chain”). Various computational algorithms and approaches are deployed to ensure that the recording on the database is permanent, chronologically ordered, and available to all others on the network.
Computational Logic
The digital nature of the ledger means that blockchain transactions can be tied to computational logic and in essence programmed. So users can set up algorithms and rules that automatically trigger transactions between nodes.

6. Examples of blockchain product
Non profit organization
Level One Project from the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation aims to use blockchain technology to help the two billion people worldwide who lack bank accounts.
Building Blocks project from The U.N.'s World Food Programme (WFP) aims to make WFP’s growing cash-based transfer operations faster, cheaper, and more secure. Building Blocks commenced field pilots in Pakistan in January 2017 that will continue throughout Spring.
Contracts, transactions, and the records of them are among the defining structures in our economic, legal, and political systems. They protect assets and set organizational boundaries. They establish and verify identities and chronicle events. They govern interactions among nations, organizations, communities, and individuals. They guide managerial and social action. And yet these critical tools and the bureaucracies formed to manage them have not kept up with the economy’s digital transformation. They’re like a rush-hour gridlock trapping a Formula 1 race car. In a digital world, the way we regulate and maintain administrative control has to change.
Blockchain promises to solve this problem.

7. Examples of blockchain product
Decentralized networks
Bitnation is the world's first operational Decentralized Borderless Voluntary Nation, a Blockchain Powered Jurisdiction.
The DAO (organization) was a digital decentralized autonomous organization and a form of investor-directed venture capital fund.
Backfeed project develops a distributed governance system for blockchain-based applications allowing for the collaborative creation and distribution of value in spontaneously emerging networks of peers.
The Alexandria project is a blockchain-based Decentralized Library.
Tezos is a blockchain project that governs itself by voting of its token holders.Bitcoin blockchain performs as a cryptocurrency and payment system. Ethereum blockchain added smart contract system on top of a blockchain. Tezos blockchain will add an autonomy system - a decentralized code Development function on top of both Bitcoin and Ethereum blockchains.
Contracts, transactions, and the records of them are among the defining structures in our economic, legal, and political systems. They protect assets and set organizational boundaries. They establish and verify identities and chronicle events. They govern interactions among nations, organizations, communities, and individuals. They guide managerial and social action. And yet these critical tools and the bureaucracies formed to manage them have not kept up with the economy’s digital transformation. They’re like a rush-hour gridlock trapping a Formula 1 race car. In a digital world, the way we regulate and maintain administrative control has to change.
Blockchain promises to solve this problem.

8. Challenges faced while testing blockchain
Testing the node failure in a DLT product.
Testing processing speed and number of process per unit time
Validating Transaction
Coordination of existing systems with new.
Since block data is shared by all network participants, analyzing all the data could create issues, such as the ability to track the amount of a remittance made from a payer to a payee.
When using an approval algorithm called a proof-of-work (POW) to approve a transaction, the probability of transaction finality increases over time, and the transaction is not finalized rigorously.
And many more.
Contracts, transactions, and the records of them are among the defining structures in our economic, legal, and political systems. They protect assets and set organizational boundaries. They establish and verify identities and chronicle events. They govern interactions among nations, organizations, communities, and individuals. They guide managerial and social action. And yet these critical tools and the bureaucracies formed to manage them have not kept up with the economy’s digital transformation. They’re like a rush-hour gridlock trapping a Formula 1 race car. In a digital world, the way we regulate and maintain administrative control has to change.
Blockchain promises to solve this problem.

9. Before constructing any strategy let us consider the following assumption on which most of the Blockchain/DLT product are built on.
When the system is built data is stored on certain number of nodes.
The data stored on a node won’t change and no one is able to update it only appending new transaction to the data store is allowed.
Data sent from a single node is propagated to other nodes that store the copies of the data.
Data can be sent from multiple nodes at the same time.
At any given time there can be an increase or decrease in the number of nodes.
Whenever someone accesses a node the up-to-date version of the data is fetched, irrespective of the time or the node it is stored on.
If one or more nodes are down, the data will flow properly through the online nodes and once the offline nodes are brought back up they will retain the up-to-date data.
Contracts, transactions, and the records of them are among the defining structures in our economic, legal, and political systems. They protect assets and set organizational boundaries. They establish and verify identities and chronicle events. They govern interactions among nations, organizations, communities, and individuals. They guide managerial and social action. And yet these critical tools and the bureaucracies formed to manage them have not kept up with the economy’s digital transformation. They’re like a rush-hour gridlock trapping a Formula 1 race car. In a digital world, the way we regulate and maintain administrative control has to change.
Blockchain promises to solve this problem.

10. Approach to the faced challenge
To ensure if a node in the DLT system is working properly the following need to be taken care of:-
Data which is currently propagated through the system should reach all the node, even if a node is down.
Data should still be retrievable even with a node failing.
When the node comes back online, data that needs to be stored on that node should be propagated to the node and be retrievable from it.
If the node failure is permanent, the node needs to be recoverable using data stored throughout the rest of the system.
Contracts, transactions, and the records of them are among the defining structures in our economic, legal, and political systems. They protect assets and set organizational boundaries. They establish and verify identities and chronicle events. They govern interactions among nations, organizations, communities, and individuals. They guide managerial and social action. And yet these critical tools and the bureaucracies formed to manage them have not kept up with the economy’s digital transformation. They’re like a rush-hour gridlock trapping a Formula 1 race car. In a digital world, the way we regulate and maintain administrative control has to change.
Blockchain promises to solve this problem.

11. Approach to the faced challenge
The following items need to be guaranteed when testing for node failure in a test suite:
The test data needs to have been added to the system and fully propagated throughout the cluster. Several strategies for ensuring this were described earlier.
When a node is brought down in the test suite, you need to be able to verify that it has actually gone down and is inaccessible. A node that didn't respond to your signal should not be able to serve data and obscure your results.
You should be able to pull every single piece of data stored in your distributed data storage system without error. If any pulls fail, then the system has a data-distribution bug that needs to be corrected.
Contracts, transactions, and the records of them are among the defining structures in our economic, legal, and political systems. They protect assets and set organizational boundaries. They establish and verify identities and chronicle events. They govern interactions among nations, organizations, communities, and individuals. They guide managerial and social action. And yet these critical tools and the bureaucracies formed to manage them have not kept up with the economy’s digital transformation. They’re like a rush-hour gridlock trapping a Formula 1 race car. In a digital world, the way we regulate and maintain administrative control has to change.
Blockchain promises to solve this problem.

12. Business Benefits Strategize testing in a new format:
Serves as a guide for testing throughout the development phase.
Development of Blockchain Use Case:
By taking a very business and product-centric view, we can develop use cases which incorporate the customer, regulation, technology, data and process triggers.
Generic:
This is a generic testing strategy which can be used for any blockchain product.
Easier customization:
If we know how blockchain product works, we can easily customize this testing strategy to the needs.
Contracts, transactions, and the records of them are among the defining structures in our economic, legal, and political systems. They protect assets and set organizational boundaries. They establish and verify identities and chronicle events. They govern interactions among nations, organizations, communities, and individuals. They guide managerial and social action. And yet these critical tools and the bureaucracies formed to manage them have not kept up with the economy’s digital transformation. They’re like a rush-hour gridlock trapping a Formula 1 race car. In a digital world, the way we regulate and maintain administrative control has to change.
Blockchain promises to solve this problem.

13. Business Benefits Reusability: Programme Delivery:
This testing strategy can be used with multiple blockchain product as it is generic and easily customizable.
Programme Delivery: 
End to end programme delivery of business, data and technical architecture that underpins the blockchain capability.
Implementation on CI/CD : 
Once the initial testing is done and the automation is created using this strategy it can integrated with the CI/CD pipeline.
Competitive advantage:
To get new business on blockchain technology by offering the well-developed testing strategy for multiple industries.
Contracts, transactions, and the records of them are among the defining structures in our economic, legal, and political systems. They protect assets and set organizational boundaries. They establish and verify identities and chronicle events. They govern interactions among nations, organizations, communities, and individuals. They guide managerial and social action. And yet these critical tools and the bureaucracies formed to manage them have not kept up with the economy’s digital transformation. They’re like a rush-hour gridlock trapping a Formula 1 race car. In a digital world, the way we regulate and maintain administrative control has to change.
Blockchain promises to solve this problem.

14. References https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blockchain
Contracts, transactions, and the records of them are among the defining structures in our economic, legal, and political systems. They protect assets and set organizational boundaries. They establish and verify identities and chronicle events. They govern interactions among nations, organizations, communities, and individuals. They guide managerial and social action. And yet these critical tools and the bureaucracies formed to manage them have not kept up with the economy’s digital transformation. They’re like a rush-hour gridlock trapping a Formula 1 race car. In a digital world, the way we regulate and maintain administrative control has to change.
Blockchain promises to solve this problem.

15. Author Biography
Hardik Verma received degree in Information Technology from Mumbai University. A strong advocate for “fun at work” , he is constantly involved in development of Software testing automation using various automation languages such as 4Test, JAVA, C#, PYTHON, RUBY . His professional interests focus on Automation, Machine Learning, Database Designing, UI Designing, etc. and his current projects include Creation of Automation Frame work to Test API and Web UI using SilkTest, Selenium and Silk Central and a framework to test Distributed ledger technology. In addition, he serves as Software Engineer for Capgemini PVT, and is a member of Mozilla Developer Network Community.
Contracts, transactions, and the records of them are among the defining structures in our economic, legal, and political systems. They protect assets and set organizational boundaries. They establish and verify identities and chronicle events. They govern interactions among nations, organizations, communities, and individuals. They guide managerial and social action. And yet these critical tools and the bureaucracies formed to manage them have not kept up with the economy’s digital transformation. They’re like a rush-hour gridlock trapping a Formula 1 race car. In a digital world, the way we regulate and maintain administrative control has to change.
Blockchain promises to solve this problem.

16. Thank You!!!