1. Introduction to Earth Science

2. Observations, Inferences, Classification
An observation is the
gathering of information
What is used to make an observation?
the five senses

3. Time Common Instrument Mass Distance Scientific Instruments help make
observations more accurate
Common Instrument
Volume of Regular, Rectangular Objects
(a box)
Volume of Irregularly Shaped Objects (rocks)
Mass
Distance
Time
ruler
Graduated
cylinder
scale
ruler
stop watch

4. After observations have
been collected.
What does it mean to
make an inference?
make an educated guess
(an hypothesis)

5. Types of Rocks Give examples of how scientists
use classification systems.
Types of Rocks

6. Types of Stars Give examples of how scientists
use classification systems.
Types of Stars

7. If an object is heated, what happens
Name the common scientific
instrument used to measure MASS:
DENSITY
MASS
VOLUME
scale
If an object is heated, what happens
to its mass? Why?
NOTHING!
THE NUMBER OF
ATOMS REMAINS
THE SAME

8. DENSITY MASS VOLUME the same THE NUMBER OF ATOMS REMAINS THE SAME
If an object has a mass of 240g on
Earth, its mass on the moon will be
(more, less, the same). Why?
the same
THE NUMBER OF
ATOMS REMAINS
THE SAME

9. What instrument would be used to measure this object’s volume?
Volume of a regular rectangular object:
What instrument would be used to measure this object’s volume?
ruler

10. Calculate the volume of this object to the nearest tenth of a cubic centimeter. Show all formulas.
V = L x W x H
= 4.0 x 3.2 x 12.3
= cm³

11. graduated cylinder VOLUME of an irregularly shaped object- Page 2
What instrument would be used to measure the volume of an object such as a rock?
graduated cylinder

12. Describe the process you would use.
VOLUME of an irregularly
shaped object:
Describe the process you would use.
measure volume of water in a cylinder
place object in cylinder
re-measure volume of water
subtract volumes

13. DENSITY: HOW TIGHTLY PACKED THE ATOMS ARE

14. Density- page 2
Density is how much matter is in a given unit of an object. How packed the atoms of an object are.
Low Density High Density

15. What is the formula for density?
What page of the ESRT’s is the formula on?

16. Sample Problems = 240g / 12cm³ page 2 = 20.0 g/cm³
A rock has a mass of 240g and a
volume of 12cm³.
Showing all calculations,
determine the density of the rock.
Sample Problems
= 240g / 12cm³
page 2
= 20.0 g/cm³

17. The box below has a mass of 120g. Showing all calculations,
determine the density of the box.
volume = L x W x H
Sample Problems
2.0 cm
= 2.0cm x 2.0cm x 10.0cm
10.0 cm
2.0 cm
= 40.0 cm³
density = mass / volume
= 120g / 40cm³
page 2
= 3.0 g/cm³

18. Sample Problems page 3 If the empty container has a mass of 100g and
the filled container has a mass of 250g.
What is the density of the liquid inside?
Show all work below.
Sample Problems
mass of liquid
250g – 100g = 150g
density of liquid
page 3
density = mass/volume
= 150g /100mL = 1.5 g/mL

19. REMEMBER…
The units for density are always…
g/mL or g/cm3

20. The Density Trick
Sometimes you will be asked to solve for mass and volume.
The trick we use to help you is the DENSITY TRIANGLE
Page 3

21. Deserts and valleys down here.
Mountains up here and………..
Just Remember…………..
Deserts and valleys down here.

22. D for deserts Insert M for mountains, M and V for valleys V D
Now draw a triangle………
And draw these lines
Insert M for mountains, M
D for deserts
and V for valleys V D

23. All you have to do is COVER whichever term you want to solve for.
For instance, if you need to solve for Density, just cover the ‘D’.
Of course for density, ‘D’
equals M V M V D

24. You’re left with DV so Mass = D x V
For instance, if you need to solve for mass, just cover the ‘M’.
You’re left with DV so Mass = D x V M V D

25. To solve for volume, just cover the “V”.M V D

26. So just remember……… M V D Mountains over deserts and valleys
And then check your math……….twice! M V D

27. Density Every object has its own density (like a fingerprint)
The density of an object does not change
Even if you cut it into pieces the density of the same substance stays the same

28. What happens to the density of an object when it is split into smaller
parts? why?
Density
nothing!
page 3
the atoms are still
packed the same

29. Can the density of object be changed?
Yes! How?
page 3
The temperature or
pressure
has to be changed

30. When an object is heated, it
and the atoms become
packed.
Therefore the object becomes
dense.
expands
Density
less
Page 4
less

31. When an object is cooled, it
and the atoms become
packed.
Therefore the object becomes
dense.
contracts
Density
more
Page 4
more

32. Density
density
page 4
temperature

33. Phases of Matter & Density
During which phase of matter (solid,
liquid, or gas) are most materials:
most dense?
least dense?
solid
gas

34. Density of water: liquid 4 expands Remember Ice floats!
Water is most dense at ____°C, as a _________
This is because water _______________ above
and below this temperature
expands D E N S I T y
Remember
Ice floats!
4°C

36. Density of water: The density of water when it is most dense is:
1.00 g/mL

37. Density of water: Any material with a density less than water will
Float or Sink
Any material with a density
less than water will
Any material with a density
greater than water will
FLOAT
SINK

38. Density of water example:
If an object has a mass of 25g and a volume of 50mL, will it sink or float in liquid water?
D = m ÷ v
= 25g ÷ 50mL
= 0.5 g/mL
it will FLOAT

39. Graphical Relationships
Page 5
Graphical Relationships
Direct Relationship:
increases
As X increases, the Y __________________. Y X

40. Graphical Relationships
Examples

41. Graphical Relationships
Indirect Relationship:
decreases
As X increases, Y __________________ Y X

42. Graphical Relationships
Examples

43. Graphical Relationships
Cyclic Relationship:
As X increases, Y
Increases and decreases
Events that are cyclic are also ___________________
predictable Y X

44. earth science, examples
Cyclic events
Give three real-life,
earth science, examples
of cyclic events
phases of moon
yearly temperatures
sunspots
tides
sunrise & sunset

45. Graphical Relationships
Constant or Static Relationship:
stays the same
As X increases, Y __________________ Y X

46. Graphical Relationships
Examples

47. Graphical Relationships in Words
Page 6
Graphical Relationships in Words
State in words the relationship between relief and the average rate of erosion as shown in the graph.
As relief increases, the average rate of erosion increases

48. Graphical Relationships in Words
State in words the relationship between year and Extent of Glacial Ice.
As the years increase, the extent of glacial ice decreases

49. Graphical Relationships in Words
Page 7
Graphical Relationships in Words
State in words the relationship between air temperature and relative humidity.
As the air temperature increases, the relative humidity decreases

50. Write the type of relationship next to the letter of each line
Direct
Constant or static
Cyclic
Indirect

51. How much a variable has changed over a certain amount of time
Rate of Change
How much a variable has changed over a certain amount of time
Ex: plant growth /month,
grade increase/semester,
salary/year
Page 8

52. Rate Of Change Page 8 A A A B B On a graph we can tell the rate of
change by looking at the steepness of
the lines:
Rate Of
Change
Page 8
Which line is steepest?_____ A A
Which line has a greater rate of change?_____ A B
Which line has a slower rate of change?_____ B

53. What page of the ESRT’s is this equation?
Rate Of Change =
Slope
What page of the ESRT’s is this equation?
Page 1
Let’s try some math!

54. Rate of change = change in field value
A student works out a few days a week for 4 months. He weighed 250 lbs. before working out and 200 lbs. at the end of the four months. How many pounds did the students lose per month? Per week?
Rate of change = change in field value
change in time
RoC= 250 lbs. – 200 lbs.
4 months
RoC = 50 lbs.
RoC = 12.5 lbs./month
RoC= 250 lbs. – 200 lbs.
16 weeks
RoC = 50 lbs.
RoC = lbs./week

55. What does it mean if you are asked to record your answer:
Accuracy- page 8
What does it mean if you are asked to record your answer:
a. to the nearest tenth
one decimal place
Example: 0.1
b. to the nearest hundredth
two decimal places
Example: 0.10
to the nearest thousandth
three decimal places
Example: 0.100