1. Theories of Early Humans

2. Out of Africa Theory
Developed by Chris Stringer and Peter Andrews, modern H. sapiens evolved in Africa 200,000 years ago.
Homo sapiens began migrating from Africa between 70,000 – 50,000 years ago
Research using mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) is the evidence that suggests that all humans come from one woman in Africa.
She is refered to as Mitochondrial Eve.
Mitochondrial genetic diversity is highest among African populations.

3. Multiple Dispersal Model
Involves the Southern Dispersal theory
gained support from genetic, linguistic and archaeological evidence.
there was a coastal dispersal of modern humans from the Horn of Africa around 70,000 years ago.
This group helped to populate Southeast Asia and Oceania, explaining the discovery of early human sites in these areas
A second wave of humans dispersed across the Sinai Peninsula into Asia, resulting in the bulk of human population for Eurasia.
This second group used more sophisticated tool technology and was less dependent on coastal food sources
Much of the evidence for the first group's expansion would have been destroyed by the rising sea levels at the end of the Holocene era.

4. Multiple Dispersal Map

5. Single Dispersal Model
The multiple dispersal model is contradicted populations of Eurasia, Southeast Asia and Oceania are all descended from the same mitochondrial DNA lineages
This supports a single migration out of Africa that gave rise to all non-African populations