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The Dairy Industry
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Dairy cattle List as many products as you can think of that come from dairy cattle. List all the milk related products that you can think of.
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What is a Cow? The following are common names and terms used in describing dairy cattle. 1. Cattle are bovines, which are members of the genus Bos. 2. A mature male is a bull. 3. A mature female is a cow. 4. A young male is a bull. 5. A young female is a heifer. 6. A castrated male is a steer. 7. A newborn is a calf. 8. A group of cattle is a herd.
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Body parts for judging
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When does an animal produce milk?
Since dairy cattle are used mainly for milk production, the reproductive system and mammary system comprise the most important internal parts. 1. The reproductive system is the system that reproduces cattle by natural, in vitro, or various artificial means of insemination. 2. The mammary system is the system that produces milk after parturition.
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The Mammary System
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The breeds we use in America
Seven major breeds of dairy cattle are used for milking. Each breed has advantages and disadvantages. A. Holstein cattle are the most popular breed of dairy cattle. This breed makes up more than 90 percent of the dairy cattle in the United States. The name Holstein is shortened from Holstein-Friesian. The breed came from the Netherlands in the early 1600s. The animals are black and white and are very large.
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Holstein continued The cows can weigh up to 1,500 pounds, and the bulls can weigh up to 2,200 pounds. The biggest advantage of Holsteins is that, in comparison to other breeds, they produce the largest average amount of milk per cow. The disadvantage is that although they produce more milk, it is lower in butterfat and protein. Butterfat is the fat content of the milk.
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Red & White Holstein Red & White Holstein cattle evolved from Black & White Holsteins. Other than the color difference, all characteristics of the Red & White Holstein and the Holstein are very similar. The animals are large and have high milk production but with lower butterfat and lower protein than other breeds.
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Ayrshire Ayrshire cattle originated in Scotland and were introduced to North America in the early 1800s. The colors are light to dark cherry red, brown, and white in any combination. There is also a polled strain of Ayrshire. The animals of this breed are most widely known for having strong feet and legs, good grazing ability, and strong, well-attached udders.
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Guernsey Guernsey dairy cattle originated on the island of Guernsey and were brought to North America in 1831. Their color is mostly fawn, with clearly defined white markings. Guernsey cattle usually have smaller calves than other breeds. They are most commonly known for their milk color, which is more golden than that of other breeds. The popularity of Guernseys has declined, although they are small, quiet cattle that are very easy to work with.
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Jersey Jersey cattle originated on the island of Jersey and were brought to North America in 1850. They vary greatly in color and color patterns, which may be fawn, near white, or grayish and may include white markings. The breed is especially known for its udder qualities: well-shaped with strong attachments. Although the amount of milk is lower in Jersey cattle than in other breeds, the butterfat and protein content is the highest. The popularity of this small breed has increased in the past few years.
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Shorthorn The Milking Shorthorn originated in England and can be any combination of red and white, just red, or just white. The breed is adaptable to a variety of situations and is commonly used for beef production as well as for dairy production. The breed is fairly new compared to other breeds. It was designated as a dairy breed in 1968.
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Pros and Cons of dairy farming
Dairy production has several advantages and disadvantages. A. The advantages of raising dairy cattle are: 1. The raising of dairy cattle has proven to be a stable agricultural enterprise for many years. 2. Dairy production leads to a reasonable profit and allows for long-term financial growth. 3. Dairy producers take great pride and satisfaction in ownership and production of milk and milk products.
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Pros and Cons 4. Dairy animals react and bond when shown kindness.
5. The dairy industry provides wholesome milk and other dairy foods and products to consumers. 6. The dairy industry also contributes to the beef supply. 7. Dairy cattle provide an interest to FFA and 4-H projects.
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The disadvantages of raising dairy cattle are:
1. Cows must be milked twice a day. 2. A huge capital investment is needed. 3. Dairy cattle cannot receive an adequate supply of nutrients from roughages alone. Their rations must include concentrates. Concentrates are feeds, such as grains or protein supplements, that allow the diet to be high-energy based.
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4. Lactation requires large amounts of nutrients.
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Facilities and Equipment
Dairy cattle production facilities and equipment need to be designed to reduce labor, cleaning, feeding, and handling. The production of dairy cattle requires a greater level of labor than any other livestock enterprise. A. Modern dairy cattle farms commonly house cattle in free-stall (or loose) housing systems.
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Indoor-Outdoor Shelter
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Equipment 1. Each type of building is designed to use the free-stall housing system. 2. Many dairy cattle producers install rubber or another type of non-slip flooring in their barns to increase the ease of movement among their cattle. 3. Bedding used in dairy cattle barns can range from waterbeds to sand beds to mattresses made of rubber or foam. 4. In some dairy barns, fans and misters are used to keep cows cool and comfortable on warm days.
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Calves Dairy calves do not normally nurse their mothers.
Commonly, calves are removed from their mothers and are fed milk replacer for up to eight weeks of age. Calves are housed in calf hutches. These hutches usually have one open side and provide a healthy environment for the babies.
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Facility Milking parlors have become more common in the United States.
A milking parlor speeds up the milking process, reduces labor, and increases cleanliness.
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Facility
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Facility
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Equipment
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Leading producers Statistics show the leading states and nations in dairy production and the major export and import markets for the United States. A. The leading dairy-producing states, based on dairy cash receipts for 2009, are the following: (1) California, (2) Wisconsin, (3) New York, (4) Pennsylvania, (5) Minnesota, (6) Idaho, (7) Michigan, (8) New Mexico, (9) Vermont, (10) Maine.
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Leading States
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Top producers The top 10 fluid-milk-producing nations are the following: (1) European Union, (2) United States, (3) India, (4) Russia, (5) Brazil, (6) China, (7) New Zealand, (8) Ukraine, (9) Australia, (10) Mexico.
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Exports The United States exports many dairy products.
Some of the different types are cheese, lactose, whey, ice cream, infant formula, fluid milk and cream, and milk powders. Our main exports are to Mexico, China, Japan, Southeastern Asia, and Canada. Other markets include Korea, the Middle East, the Caribbean, and South America.
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The United States also imports milk products that are not made domestically.
These include casein, milk protein concentrates, and European-style cheeses. The United States mainly imports from the European Union and New Zealand.
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How does the dairy industry effects the economy?
Developing countries are demanding milk to increase the nutrient level of diets, and developed countries are seeking specialty dairy products.
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Dairy and the economy As long as changing diets continue to demand milk and other dairy products, exports will grow, as will the dairy industry. The dairy industry has a huge impact on the economy. Dairy farms in the United States have shown high levels of efficiency. If U.S. dairy farms continue to respond efficiently to technological change, globalization of dairy trade, and changes in consumer demand, the future of the U.S. dairy sector will be strong.
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Dairy and the economy Large dairy farms are located all over the country. More are striking roots in the Midwest because grain is readily available there. Large operations have significant cost advantages over smaller operations. The major cost advantage is their ability to clinch overhead costs. Large farms can use capital and labor far more intensively than smaller operations.
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Management Small dairy farms must find niche markets to survive.
Organic dairy products have allowed small dairy farms to produce on a lesser scale. Organic feed costs more than conventional feed; however, the organic milk market provides premium prices. Current organic standards require that dairy cows have access to pasture. This encourages small dairy farms to make a mark in this niche market because larger dairy farms operate less land per cow.
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Cow Management Several diseases and disorders can affect dairy cattle.
Good management systems, nutrition, and prevention programs can control these. A. Metabolic disorders can occur in dairy herds. A metabolic disorder is a disease resulting in the inability of an animal to make proper use of nutrients.
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Manure management Manure management is typically a labor intensive task. The #1 reason that dairy farms get shut down is due to mishandling of manure. Manure may be used as a fuel source. Dairy farms often recycle the manure for fertilizer or for sale.
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Manure management
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Feed Management Feeding the cows is the most expensive aspect of dairy management. Prior planning is necessary to determine the amount of feed additives to be ordered or harvested. Mixing feed is an important job and must be done properly to ensure proper nutrition.
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Feed Management
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Review What are the major dairy cattle breeds?
What are the advantages and disadvantages of dairy production? What countries lead in milk production? What states lead the country in production?
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