1. Fig. 1 Schematic representation of s(P)RR generation
Fig. 1 Schematic representation of s(P)RR generation. Full-length (P)RR consists of the extracellular/luminal domain (ECD), transmembrane domain (TM) and cytoplasmic domain (Cyto). Full-length (P)RR is cleaved by intracellular protease to generate N-terminal soluble (P)RR [s(P)RR] and the C-terminal membrane-bound M8-9 fragment. Amino acid sequence alignment around the putative cleavage site of the (P)RR orthologs are shown. The arrowheads in the bovine sequence indicate the N-terminus of the M8-9 fragment reported previously (22). The putative furin cleavage site and the predicted cleavage site (see the introduction section for details) are indicated. Residue numbers are for human (P)RR. Human (Homo sapiens; GenBank accession number NP_005756), rat (Rattus norvegicus; NP_ ), mouse (Mus musculus; NP_081715), bovine (Bos Taurus; NP_ ), fish (Danio rerio; AAH59542) and frog (Xenopus laevis; NP_ ) sequences are shown.
From: Site-1 protease is required for the generation of soluble (pro)renin receptor
J Biochem. 2016;161(4): doi: /jb/mvw080
J Biochem | © The Authors Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Japanese Biochemical Society. All rights reserved

2. Fig. 2 Effects of siRNA-mediated reduction of endogenous S1P on the cleavage of full-length (P)RR in CHO/h(P)RR-10His cells. (A) The S1P mRNA levels in CHO/h(P)RR-10His cells treated with either S1P siRNA (siS1P) or negative control siRNA (siNC) were measured by qRT-PCR (n = 3; **P < versus siNC). (B) Whole cell lysates (10 µg of total protein) and culture supernatants (one-quarter of the collected amount) were analysed by SDS-PAGE, followed by immunoblotting using anti-(P)RR antibodies. NS indicates non-specific bands. Graphs in B represent semiquantitative measurements of the full-length (P)RR [FL-(P)RR-10His] and s(P)RR bands using ImageJ software (NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA; n = 3; ***P < versus siNC; ****P < versus siNC). Representative results of three similar independent experiments are shown.
From: Site-1 protease is required for the generation of soluble (pro)renin receptor
J Biochem. 2016;161(4): doi: /jb/mvw080
J Biochem | © The Authors Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Japanese Biochemical Society. All rights reserved

3. Fig. 3 Effects of overexpression of S1P on the cleavage of full-length (P)RR in CHO/h(P)RR-10His cells. Whole cell lysates (15 µg of total protein) and culture supernatants (one-tenth of the collected amount) prepared from CHO/h(P)RR-10His cells that had been transfected with either the expression plasmid coding for human S1P or the empty plasmid (Vector) were analysed by SDS-PAGE, followed by immunoblotting using either anti-S1P (A) or anti-(P)RR antibodies (B). Representative blots of three independent experiments each with three independent treatments are shown. NS indicates non-specific bands. Graphs represent semiquantitative measurements of the full-length (P)RR [FL-(P)RR-10His] and s(P)RR bands of three independent experiments using ImageJ software (NIH; n = 3/group; *P < 0.05 versus Vector).
From: Site-1 protease is required for the generation of soluble (pro)renin receptor
J Biochem. 2016;161(4): doi: /jb/mvw080
J Biochem | © The Authors Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Japanese Biochemical Society. All rights reserved

4. Fig. 4 Effects of protease inhibitors on s(P)RR generation
Fig. 4 Effects of protease inhibitors on s(P)RR generation. Whole cell lysates and culture supernatants prepared from CHO/h(P)RR-10His (A) or HeLa cells (B) that had been treated with DMSO alone (Vehicle), PF429242, furin inhibitor I (Furin I) or GM6001 were analysed by SDS-PAGE, followed by immunoblotting using anti-(P)RR antibodies. The immunoblots shown are representative of at least two independent experiments each with three independent treatments. FL-(P)RR, full-length (P)RR; NS, non-specific bands. Graphs represent the s(P)RR levels (for Culture supernatant) or percentage of s(P)RR to total (P)RR levels (for Cell lysate), where total (P)RR is defined as the sum of full-length (P)RR and s(P)RR levels. The intensity of each (P)RR band was measured using ImageJ software (NIH).
From: Site-1 protease is required for the generation of soluble (pro)renin receptor
J Biochem. 2016;161(4): doi: /jb/mvw080
J Biochem | © The Authors Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Japanese Biochemical Society. All rights reserved

5. Fig. 5 s(P)RRs with different mobilities on SDS-PAGE gels
Fig. 5 s(P)RRs with different mobilities on SDS-PAGE gels. (A) The same samples as shown in Fig. 4A were reanalysed by SDS-PAGE, followed by immunoblotting using anti-(P)RR antibodies. The immunoblots shown are representative of at least two independent experiments. (B) Whole cell lysates and culture supernatants prepared from CHO/h(P)RR-10His (CHO) and HeLa cells both, without protease inhibitor treatment, along with recombinant human N¹⁷–L²⁸¹ s(P)RR (281) and N¹⁷–R²⁷⁸ s(P)RR (278) produced in E. coli were analysed by SDS-PAGE, followed by immunoblotting using anti-(P)RR antibodies. C, the cell lysate alone; S, the culture supernatant alone; C + S, mixture of the cell lysate and culture supernatant. Other indications are the same as in Fig. 4.
From: Site-1 protease is required for the generation of soluble (pro)renin receptor
J Biochem. 2016;161(4): doi: /jb/mvw080
J Biochem | © The Authors Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Japanese Biochemical Society. All rights reserved

6. Fig. 6 Effects of BFA on s(P)RR generation
Fig. 6 Effects of BFA on s(P)RR generation. CHO/h(P)RR-10His (A) or HeLa cells (B) were treated with (+) or without (−) brefeldin A (BFA) in the presence of DMSO (Vehicle), PF or furin inhibitor I (Furin I). Whole cell lysates were analysed by SDS-PAGE, followed by immunoblotting using anti-(P)RR antibodies. The immunoblots shown are representative of at least two independent experiments each with three independent treatments. Other indications are the same as in Fig. 4. Graphs represent the percentage of s(P)RR to total (P)RR levels, where total (P)RR is defined as the sum of full-length (P)RR and s(P)RR levels. The intensity of each (P)RR band was measured using ImageJ software (NIH).
From: Site-1 protease is required for the generation of soluble (pro)renin receptor
J Biochem. 2016;161(4): doi: /jb/mvw080
J Biochem | © The Authors Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Japanese Biochemical Society. All rights reserved

7. Fig. 7 Fate of type-I s(P)RR after removing BFA
Fig. 7 Fate of type-I s(P)RR after removing BFA. CHO/h(P)RR-10His cells were treated with brefeldin A (BFA) in the presence of cycloheximide. After washing, the cells were treated with DMSO (Vehicle), PF429242, furin inhibitor I (Furin I) or furin inhibitor II (Furin II) in fresh medium containing cycloheximide. Whole cell lysates and culture supernatants were analysed by SDS-PAGE, followed by immunoblotting using anti-(P)RR antibodies. The immunoblots shown are representative of at least two independent experiments each with three independent treatments. Other indications are the same as in Fig. 4.
From: Site-1 protease is required for the generation of soluble (pro)renin receptor
J Biochem. 2016;161(4): doi: /jb/mvw080
J Biochem | © The Authors Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Japanese Biochemical Society. All rights reserved

8. Fig. 8 A sequential processing model for s(P)RR generation
Fig. 8 A sequential processing model for s(P)RR generation. Full-length (P)RR is synthesized in the ER and transported to the Golgi apparatus (Golgi), where it is cleaved by site-1 protease (S1P), also known as subtilisin/kexin isozyme 1 (SKI-1), at the R²⁷⁸-T-I-L²⁸¹↓ site to generate type-I s(P)RR [s(P)RR_(i)] and the M8-9 fragment. Type-I s(P)RR is transported to the trans-Golgi network (TGN), where it is cleaved by furin at the R²⁷⁵-K-T-R²⁷⁸↓ site to generate type-II s(P)RR [s(P)RR_(ii)] for extracellular secretion.
From: Site-1 protease is required for the generation of soluble (pro)renin receptor
J Biochem. 2016;161(4): doi: /jb/mvw080
J Biochem | © The Authors Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Japanese Biochemical Society. All rights reserved