1. Chapter 4 - Cell Structure and Function
The printed out notes are more detailed than these slides, you are expected to read the chapter and your notes - anything is fair game on the test, but the cell chapter is largely review.

2. Share articles QOD: Little Mito - questions 2 and 3 Lab: microscopes and membranes Tues and Thurs

3. A. The Cell Theory
1. Every living organism is made of one or more cells.
2. The cell is the basic unit of structure and function. It is the smallest unit that can perform life functions.
3. All cells arise from pre- existing cells.
*Why is the Cell Theory called a Theory and not a Fact?

4. Cells need a large surface area to volume ratio

5. Which house can you get in, through, and out of faster?

6. Figure 4.2

7. Figure 4.3
Figure 4.3

8. Early Contributions
Hooke
Leeuwenhoek
Schleiden
Schwann
Virchow

9. B. ALL CELLS HAVE:
1. Cell Membrane         
a)  Phospholipid Bilayer  (double layer)         b)  Proteins
        c) Carbohydrates

10. 2. Genetic Material 3. Cytoplasm (cytosol)
ORGANELLES float within cytoplasm and perform specific functions

11. Prokaryote Cells

12. Figure 4.4a
Figure 4.4

13. Eukaryotes

14. Endosymbiosis : 
All organelles seem to share many properties with bacteria. Lynn Margulis proposed:
endosymbiosis hypothesis: that ancient colonization of large bacteria (became the eukaryotic cell) engulfed smaller bacteria (became the mitochondria, chloroplast, etc.) Symbiosis = "living together".
*Mitochondria & Chloroplasts have their own DNA
Animation at Microbiological Concepts

15. Endosymbiosis Theory
that ancient colonization of large bacteria (became the eukaryotic cell) engulfed smaller bacteria (became the mitochondria, chloroplast, etc.)

16. In your notes:
Create a diagram comparing prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. Include examples of each and anything you can remember
When done, use ch 4 to label the pictures on your notes outline handout pg 65 and 68

17. both Membrane Bound Organelles No Organelles Cells DNA Simple Nucleus
Prokaryote
Eukaryote
Membrane Bound Organelles
No Organelles
Cells
DNA
Simple
Nucleus
Cytoplasm
Mostly single cells
Plasma Membrane
Complex
Specific in function
Ribosome
Archaea and bacteria
Multicellular
Cell wall
Plants, Animals, fungi

18. Quick Recap....... 1. What are the two main types of cells?
2.  Which one is larger?  
3.   Which one does not have a membrane bound nucleus?
4.  What are the three main parts of the cell (that all cells have)?
5.  What are the 3 components of the cell theory?
6.  What theory best explains how eukaryotes evolved?
Label the pictures on the top of your notes outline: use 65, to help

19. Prokaryotic or Eukaryotic?1 2 E
Has membrane bound organelles
Includes plant and animals cells
Bacteria
Has no organelles E P E P P

20. cell biology is a huge area, and is divided into many branches that biologists specialize in...
1)  Oncology
2)  Microbiology
3)  Genetics 
4)  Paleobiology
5) Pathology       to name a few
Here's an older video that compares prokaryotes and eukaryotes and discusses how cells evolved, film by the Phoenix Learning Group  (17 minutes)
And a shorter video on the main parts of The Cell

21. The Parts of the Cell

22. Cell Diagram Directions:
You will get a picture of a animal or plant cell, label the cell.
label as many parts as you can remember
Then look in your book to label the rest
Write a 2-5 word description of the function of each part

23. II. Nucleus:
Nucleoplasm: semifluid matrix
Chromatin: uncoiled, fluid DNA and proteins
Chromosomes: coiled, rodlike DNA structures
Gene: unit of heredity located on DNA
Nucleolus: dark region of chromatin where rRNA joins with proteins to form ribosomal subunits (parts to make ribosomes)
nuclear envelope contains nuclear pores for some things to enter and exit

24. Several types of lysosomes
III. Endomembrane System:
Includes:
Nuclear envelope
Membrane of the ER
Golgi apparatus
Several types of lysosomes

25. I am a reticulated python
I am a reticulated python. Ask me what I have to do with the endoplasmic reticulum.
The word “reticulum” means net.

26. A. Nuclear Envelope/ Membrane: RNA leaves nucleus to instruct production of proteins

27. --functions in protein synthesis
B. Endoplasmic Reticulum
(endoplasm= "within cytoplasm", reticulum= "little net" --divides cell into compartments --channels molecules through the cell's interior, like a little highway, make vesicles
Figure 4.10a
Rough ER
--has ribosomes
--functions in protein synthesis
-- ER transports newly assembled proteins to the Golgi Apparatus
Smooth ER
--no ribosomes
--mostly contains enzymes that act in lipid synthesis (such as hormones like estrogen and testosterone)
Vary depending on location
Figure 4.10

28. --the folded stacks are called cisternae
C. Golgi Apparatus: Delivery System
-flattened stacks of membranes -functions in collection, modifying, packaging and distribution of molecules made in the cell and used elsewhere -unprocessed proteins enter the front end (cis) near the ER, and are exported near the cell membrane, at the back end (trans)       
 --the folded stacks are called cisternae

29. Jobs of the Golgi Apparatus (aka Golgi Complex) 1
Jobs of the Golgi Apparatus (aka Golgi Complex) 1. separates proteins according to their destinations 2. modifies proteins (adds sugar and makes glycoproteins) 3. packages materials into vesicles which are exported outside the cell  -  secretion

30. Lysosomes - Intracellular Digestion Centers --contain high levels of degrading enzymes (to "lyse" means to dissolve) --recycle old and worn out cell parts - apoptosis "suicide sac”   -digest other particles taken in by phagocytosis --this "food" is stored in food vacuoles, the lysosomes fuse with the vacuoles and release digestive enzymes

31. Lysosomes - Intracellular Digestion Centers
 TAY-SACHS disease – What do lysosomes have to do with this deadly disease?
Article and Video on Tay Sachs

32. Common in Jewish and Irish population
Tay-Sachs disease is caused by the absence or significantly reduced level of a enzyme called beta-hexosaminidase (Hex-A). Normally, Hex A is a digestive enzyme that is part of the lysosome.
Without the correct amount of the Hex-A enzyme, a fatty substance or lipid called GM2 ganglioside accumulates abnormally in cells, especially in the nerve cells of the brain.

33. Ribosomes - Sites of Protein Synthesis
-each is composed of two subunits, one large and one small -mRNA is "read" by the ribosomes and amino acids are assembled into proteins -ribosomes are manufactured by the nucleolus, assembles by ER
--polyribosomes – strings of ribosomes in the cytoplasm that work to make a protein

34. Free vs Bound Ribosome
Free ribosomes: produce proteins that are used by the cell.
- ex: for metabolism of food.
Bound ribosomes: produce proteins that are transported out of the cell.
- ex: for a specific function, such as digestive enzymes and polypeptide hormones.

35. Mitochondria --contains its own DNA, support for Endosymbiosis Theory
mitochondria divide before cell division, they are not synthesized like other cell parts
--function: store energy for cell use. Energy is stored in the form of ATP - adenosine triphosphate
-2 membranes, one smooth outer membrane, and an inner membrane folded into layers called cristae --Cristae has two compartments: the matrix and the intermembrane space

36. What happens if your mitochondria don’t work?
Mitochondrial Disease Video
Why is mitochondrial disease so devastating to children?
Consider the mitochondria have their own DNA separate from the parental DNA. How could you cure this disease?

37. QOD: Cells
What parts of the cell are involved with protein production and what role does each part play?
Compare and contrast plant and animal cells
use a graphic organizer: (venn, tree map, etc)
Plant Cell
Animal cell
Eukaryote
Plasma Membrane
Nucleus
Ribosome ER
Mitochondria
Chloroplast
Cell wall
Cytoplasm
Golgi Apparatus
Vacuole
Centrioles
Fern Cells
Muscle Cells
Human Cells
1. What does the cell theory state?
2. Explain why cells are so small using the idea surface- area- to- volume ratio.

38. Focus on Plant Cells
Figure 4.7b

39. Chloroplasts - Where Photosynthesis Takes Place Plants only
--has its own DNA, like mitochondrion --functions: to convert light energy to carbohydrates --carbohydrates then broken down in mitochondria to produce ATP

40. Parts of chloroplast --thylakoids are the individual disk shaped compartments
-- Grana: stack of thylakoids --stroma is the fluid surrounded the thylakoids
*Chloroplasts are a type of plastid Chromoplasts – red, yellow and orange pigment Leucoplasts – colorless (potatoes)

41. Cytoskeleton- support system
a. Microfilaments (now called actin filament) – occur in bundles, form tracks within the cell for the movement of organelles,  used to form pseudopods (ameba) b. Intermediate filaments  - support membrane, cell to cell junctions c. Microtubules -  (little pipe) radiate from the centrosome   -  form the spindle during cell division

42. Centrioles – used during cell division to move and separate chromosomes, only found in animal cell

43. Cytoskeleton How do cells maintain their shape? How do they move?
- pseudopod
- cilia
- flagella

44. Cilia (hair) & Flagella (whip)
Pseudopod – extensions of the cell that allow for movement (ameba), depend on actin filaments
Cilia (hair) & Flagella (whip)
--function in movement Arrangement of microtubules
nine outer doublet microtubules surround a central pair of singlet microtubules

45. Hey....remember enzymes? The Peroxisome
Found in plant and animal cells, this organelle plays a critical role in normal cell functioning. In human cells, peroxisomes house some sixty enzymes, involved in metabolic processes such as bile acid, cholesterol, and plasmalogen biosynthesis, as well as ß-oxidation 
peroxisome produces hydrogen peroxide as a by-product of its normal function.
-To neutralize this potentially toxic compound, a peroxisome imports the hydrogen peroxide-metabolizing enzyme catalase, from the cytosol of the cell. Catalase converts hydrogen peroxide to water and oxygen

46. Vacuole  --  mainly storage or specific functions (contractile vacuole, fat vacuole) -- Plant cells have a CENTRAL VACUOLE  - used for storage and help to maintain hydrostatic pressure

47. QOD: Cells
What parts of the cell are involved with protein production and what role does each part play?
Compare and contrast plant and animal cells
use a graphic organizer: (venn, tree map, etc)
Plant Cell
Animal cell
Eukaryote
Plasma Membrane
Nucleus
Ribosome ER
Mitochondria
Chloroplast
Cell wall
Cytoplasm
Golgi Apparatus
Vacuole
Centrioles
Fern Cells
Muscle Cells
Human Cells
1. What does the cell theory state?
2. Explain why cells are so small using the idea surface- area- to- volume ratio.

48. Plant
Animal

49. Tree Map

50. Double Bubble (like a venn diagram)

51. Cell wall Eukaryote centrioles vacuole Nucleus Muscle cells Plant Cell
Mitochondria
Muscle cells
Plant Cell
Animal Cell
Cytoplasm
Plasma Membrane
Chloroplast
humans
Fern
Ribosome ER
lysosome
Golgi apparatus

52. Eukaryote Plant Cell Animal Cell Central vacuole centrioles Nucleus
Cell wall
Muscle cells
Mitochondria
Chloroplast
Cytoplasm
humans
Plasma Membrane
Fern
Ribosome ER
lysosome
Golgi apparatus

53. Most of the Endomembrane: Nucleolus Rough ER Golgi Vesicles
What parts of the cell are involved with protein production and what role does each part play?
Most of the Endomembrane:
Nucleolus
Rough ER
Golgi
Vesicles
Free Ribosome
QOD: Proteins in the Cell

54. Mini Quiz 1. What part of the cell produces vesicles for export?
2.  What part of the cell makes proteins?
3.  What part of the cell produces ATP?
4.  What part of the cell transports materials throughout the cytoplasm?
5.  What part of the cell has a cis and a trans face?  

55. a. ________________ b. ________________ c. _________________
d.  _________________
e.  _________________
f.  __________________
Pg 81 f.

56. Find the: a. Nucleolus b. Centriole c. Vesicle d. Smooth ER
e.  Lysosome
Pg 81

57. Figure 4.7b A B C D E
Figure 4.7b AB AD AC

58. What is this structure? 
Pg 64

59. Figure 4.4

60. What is this structure? 
Pg 64

62. Terms / Concepts for Show, Don't Tell
cell_theory
mitochondria
chloroplast
prokaryote
protein_synthesis
eukaryote
nucleus
lysosome
ribosome
endoplasmic_reticulum
cytoskeleton
golgi_apparatus
enzyme
messenger_RNA
chromatin
phospholipid_bilayer
cilia
flagella
microscope
peroxisome

63. Single Cheek Cell - at different illuminations
Figure 4B

64. 1. eyepiece 2. body tube 3. fine adjustment knob 4. nosepiece
Light Microscope 4X
10X
40X 5 7 13 9 8
1. eyepiece
2. body tube
3. fine adjustment knob
4. nosepiece
5. scanning objective
6.  low power objective
7. high power objective
8. diaphragm
9. light
10. coarse adjustment 
11. arm
12. stage clip
13.  base
10X 8

65. Functions
eyepiece (ocular) – contains a lens capable of 10X magnification
body tube-the long tube that holds the eyepiece and connects it to the objectives
fine adjustment knob- brings objects slowly into fine focus
nosepiece – rotates to change from one lense to another
scanning objective - contains a lens capable of 4X magnification
low power objective -- contains a lens capable of 10X magnification
high power objective – contains a lens capable of 40X magnification
diaphragm- controls the amount of light 
light – directs light into the scope.
coarse adjustment knob – brings objects into rapid focus - DO NOT use with high power objective
arm-part of the microscope that is held to carry the scope.
stage - holds the slide
base - supports the microscope, hold to carry.

66. Using Microscopes List the 6 steps to focus the microscope.
Place the prepared slide on the stage.
Move the slide so the beam of light goes through the middle.
Turn the coarse adjustment knob so the stage is all the way at the top.
Use the scanning 4X power objective and the coarse adjustment knob, focus down until you see the object.
Using the 10X power objective focus again until you see the object.
To Focus on high power:
Before you turn in the 40X objective: make sure the specimen is in the middle of the field of view.
6. Turn in the 40X objective. Focus only using
the fine adjustment knob
Turn off light and clean up when finished.

67. A good example of how to sketch from your microscope

68. Rules for Microscope Drawings
1. All drawings in pencil.
use color only when you see a specific color.
3. Draw a circle to represent the field of vision.
4. Label outside the circle, include magnification and name of what you are looking at.
Be neat, label when possible
Magnification will always be 40x, 100x, or 400x
Magnification = Eyepiece X Lenses 10
4x, 10x, or 40x

69. Ameba with 40X lens
Ameba
400X
10 X 40 = 400

70. Other Rules!
Be very careful they are fragile
You break, you buy
(and microscopes are expensive)
3. Don’t force anything, if the scope is not working, stop and ask for help