1. Aerodynamics & Quadcopter Quick Start
Welcome On-board
Aerodynamics &
Quadcopter Quick Start

2. / Aerodynamics 101
Four Forces / Life Generation / Angle of Attack / Stall / Propeller

3. “ The important thing is not to stop questioning
“ The important thing is not to stop questioning. Curiosity has its own reason for existing. One cannot help but be in awe when he contemplates the mysteries of eternity, of life, of the marvellous structure of reality. It is enough if one tries merely to comprehend a little of this mystery every day. Never lose a holy curiosity. ”
- Albert Einstein

4. The Four Basic Forces

5. How does wing generate lift?
The Neglected Fundamentals
How does wing generate lift?

6. The Myth
Leading Edge
Trailing Edge
The common misconception is that the air on top and below the aerofoil will meet again at the trailing edge.

7. Explanation 1 Keyword: Coandă effect, Bernoulli's principle

8. Explanation 2

9. Lift Generation But why?
Fact 1: Air flow is deflected downwards – Newton’s 3rd Law
Fact 2: Air on top of the wing travels faster - Bernoulli's Principle
But why?
Narrowing of the imaginary tunnels of the air flow

10. Lift Generation Believe at your own risk 
Deduction 1: There is a equal and opposite upward force pushing the aerofoil up (hence lift!).
Deduction 2: Faster travelling air on top exerts less pressure on the aerofoil, sucking the aerofoil upwards (hence lift!).
Believe at your own risk 

11. ✓ Which generates more lift?

12. ? Lift vs Angle of Attack Angle of Attack ↑ = Lift ↑

13. Stall – Breakdown of Lift
Increased Drag
Loss of Lift
Increased Lift
Observation 1: When AOA increases at small angle, lift (and also drag) increases

14. Great loss of lift and increase in drag.
Increased Drag
Loss of Lift
Increased Lift
Observation 2: When AOA increases until a certain angle (critical AOA), the airflow no longer follows the curvature of the aerofoil.
Great loss of lift and increase in drag.

15. Stall – The Last Thing You Want in Flight

16. For those who interested…
Flaps ( for landing, I’m sure you heard the sound of flaps deployment before  )
Winglet / Vortex
Ground Effect
Dihedral
Vortex Ring State (never descend fast straight down!) …

17. ? The Propeller – the rotating wing ?
Why the pitch (AOA) is greater inwards

18. http://blog. oscarliang
Diameter (inch)
Pitch (inch)
The inner region of the propeller travel less in a rotation, therefore “intuitively” needs a higher pitch.

19. The Propeller – CW & CCW

20. Take a Break! Recap: Next Session:
How lift is generated (a more reasonable explanation).
How lift can be increased.
How lift can be destroyed (Stall).
The propeller’s pitch
Next Session:
Principles of Motor and Electronic Speed Controller (ESC)
Take a Break!

21. https://www. youtube. com/watch
Post-production

22. / Quadcopter 101
Principle Axis / Control Surfaces / Transmitter Modes / Flight Modes / Sensors / Pre- Flight

23. The Principle Axes – Roll, Pitch, Yaw

24. The Principle Axes – Roll, Pitch, Yaw

25. Primary Control Surfaces

26. Primary Control “Surfaces” - Quadcopter
The control surfaces of a quadcopter is the propellers themselves!

27. Spinning Objects
The spinning propeller / motor will turn the aircraft body in the Opposite direction

28. Primary Control “Surfaces” - Quadcopter
Pitch
Roll
Throttle
Yaw
The speed (and hence the trust) of the propellers determines the attitude and movement of the quadcopter.

29. Transmitter Modes

30. Transmitter Modes

31. Flight Modes (and On-Board Sensors)
Stabilised Mode ( scary Manual Throttle, not present in DJI drones)
Altitude Hold Mode ( A-mode / P-ATTI )
Loiter Mode ( P-GPS / P-OPTI )

32. Accelerometer & Gyroscope Sensors
Measures Acceleration
(including gravitational acceleration)
Measures Rate of Rotation

33. HOW Your orientation (attitude) in 3D space Acceleration Data (xyz)
With Random Noise
Mathematical Equations & Matrixes
Which only crazy people understand
Rate of Rotation Data (xyz)
With Random Noise
HOW
do the sensors get the data?
Your orientation (attitude)
in 3D space
Self-Correction (Roll / Pitch)

34. Magnetometer Sensor
Measures Magnetic Field

35. Your Heading in 3D space Magnetic Field Direction Data (xyz)
With Random Noise
Mathematical Equations & Matrixes
Which only smart people understand
Your Heading
in 3D space
Self-Correction (Yaw)

36. Stabilised Mode Self-Correction (Roll / Pitch) Self-Correction (Yaw)
(Manual)
No ability to hover over a fixed position over the ground, No ability to maintain height (altitude)

37. Barometer Sensors
Measures Atmospheric Pressure, and Translate to Altitude

38. Self-Correction (Throttle)
Stabilised Mode
(Manual)
Altitude Data
With Random Noise
Self-Correction (Throttle)
Altitude Hold Mode
(A Mode / P-ATTI)

39. GPS Sensors Acquire 3-D Position & Time Weather-Dependent
Prone to Interference
Acquire 3-D Position & Time

40. Optical Flow Sensors
Acquire 3-D Position, relative to the ground

41.
Optical Flow (Vision Positioning System) works by comparing consecutive images and calculate pixel movements.

42. Altitude Hold Mode Loiter Mode Position Data (A Mode / P-ATTI)
With Random Noise
Self-Correction (Roll / Pitch)
Loiter Mode
(P-GPS Mode / P-OPTI Mode)

43. Sensors DO fail

44. Magnetic Field Distortion
Source: Accurate Compassing in Harsh Environments
Turning Effect Of A Current Carrying Coil In A Magnetic Field

45. “Compass Error” https://youtu.be/Lc4XpSgmR58

46. “GPS Error” https://youtu.be/rV4-Kg4MK9U

47. Least Number of Sensors
Every Pilot Should Learn How to fly with
Least Number of Sensors
Master Stabilised / Altitude Hold Mode

48. Before Flight [IMPORTANT]
Accelerometer Calibration by putting the Quadcopter on a flat surface during start-up.
Compass Calibration by following instruction on screen (if needed).
Ensure a good GPS Lock when flying outdoors, with clear sky.
Always Get ready to switch back to Stabilised / Altitude Hold mode during emergency.

51. Gain Back Some Confidence
How to use IOC Course Lock | DJI PHANTOM 3
How to adjust Yaw Speed | DJI Phantom 3 | Gain and Expo

52. http://blog. maketheone

54. Gyroscope & Accelerometer

55. GPS module, and probably
Magnetometer

58. “Top 5 Drones you should buy”

59. Copyright Concerns
Use Royalty Free Resources, and never use copyrighted music or video clips
Credit the Composer etc. and the end of your video

60. Timeline – Filming Request
Inter-College Games – 13 Feb
RC4ME Music Video – by 19 Feb
RC4 Open Day Promotional Video – Feb?
RC4 Open Day - March