1. The Reformation and Counter Reformation
Luther, Calvin, Henry VIII and the Popes

2. Martin Luther 95 Theses protesting the sale of indulgences 1517
Ideas spread by the Printing Press
Excommunicated 1521
Translates the Bible into German languages
Followers called Lutherans

3. Luther's 95 Theses
A list of things he thought were wrong with the Catholic Church (95 Complaints)
He criticized:
The Power of the Pope
The Extreme Wealth of the Church
Indulgences (Catholic concept of Salvation)

4. Luther’s Major ideas:
You are saved because of your faith in God alone, not because of attaining sacraments or performing good works (like indulgences). (Justification by Faith)
Bible is sole authority on God’s will (sola Scripta)
“Priesthood of all believers” – all men and women have access to God through faith without need of priests

5. Pope Leo X (Medici)
He was the Pope during the height of the corruption

6. War in the Holy Roman Empire
Holy Roman Emperor Charles V wants to keep German states Catholic
Many German Princes want independence and reform
War 1520’s – 1555
Peace of Augsburg – each prince can determine the religion in his land.
Is this religious freedom?

7. John Calvin “May little chickens dig out your eyes 100,000 times.”
- Calvin speaking to another reformer whose ideas he disagreed with

8. John Calvin 1530’s
Tried to rid or “purify” the Protestant church of shows of wealth and rituals similar to Catholic Rituals
Purified life (no drinking, swearing, gambling, dancing)
Writes: The Institutes of the Christian Religion to spread his ideas
Major ideas:
Sola Scripta
Predestination – god has already chosen who will be saved and who won’t be
Followers called:
Huguenots (France)
Puritans (England)
Presbyterians (Scotland)

9. Henry VIII & Anglicanism (The Church of England)
At first defended Catholicism against Luther – “Defender of the Faith”
1527 – Wants a divorce
Wife has powerful relatives – dissuade the pope
Henry breaks with Catholicism
Parliament creates Act of Supremacy making Henry, not Pope, head of the English Church
All must swear alliegiance or be arrested.
Henry takes land back from church and breaks up monasteries

10. Creates religious conflict in England
Mary Tudor “Bloody Mary” – anti- Protestant
Elizabeth Tudor – Protestant – tried to create a compromise to avoid further conflict.

11. Catholic Counter Reformation
Catholic leaders agree to reforms to prevent further conversions to Protestantism
Ignatius of Loyola & the Jesuits – How did they contribute to church reform?
Council of Trent
What did they change about the way Catholicism was practiced?
What stayed the same?