1. Protestant Reformation

2. What was the Protestant Reformation?
When Martin Luther broke away from the Catholic Church and started the first Protestant faith: Lutheranism

3. Reasons for the Reformation
Monarchs were threatened with excommunication if they did not obey the church
Priests were illiterate
Clergy frequently broke vows –especially chastity
Church officials (including the Pope) led a life of luxury and leisure
Practice of Simony- the making of profit out of sacred things.
Practice of selling indulgences (a certificate of pardon for a sin)
If purchased your soul would spend less time in purgatory ( a place where souls too impure to enter heaven would make amends for sins committed during one’s lifetime)
1517, a priest named Johann Tetzel, set up a platform outside of Wittenberg. He offered indulgences to those giving money to help rebuild a cathedral in Rome-he said this would assure entry to heaven for them and their dead relatives

4. Martin Luther German monk and professor of theology
Disillusioned by church corruption
He wrote the 95 Theses
Angered by Tetzel’s sale of indulgences
Drew up the 95 Theses, or arguments, criticizing the Catholic Church
He posted his list on the door of the Wittenberg’s All Saints Church
Almost overnight, copies of Luther’s work was printed and distributed across Europe, stirring furious debate

5. Lutheranism Luther vs. Church
Luther was told to recant (give up his views), but Luther refused
In 1521, Luther was excommunicated from the Catholic Church
King Charles V (HRE) summoned Luther to the Diet (assembly of German princes) at Worms, but again Luther did not recant
Lutheranism
Luther started his own Protestant faith: Lutheranism
Believed in Justification (a person could be made good by faith alone-good deeds and buying indulgences not necessary for salvation)
Believed the Bible was the sole source of religious truth
Believed in stressing Biblical teachings(concentrated on service not elaborate rituals)
Believed services should be led in the vernacular (common language) & not Latin; had the Bible translated into vernacular so all could read it
Banned indulgences, confession, pilgrimages, and prayers to saints
Permitted the clergy to marry

6. The Reformation Spreads
John Calvin
Believed in predestination (salvation was predetermined a long time ago)
Discipline and a strict moral life proved who had been chosen
Anabaptists
Christians should be baptized as adults b/c that is when they can make an informed decision
True Christians should form a separate community
Baptists, Quakers, and the Amish all trace their ancestry to the Anabaptists

7. King Henry VIII
Wanted to divorce Catherine of Aragon to marry Anne Boleyn (Catherine could not produce a male heir to the throne, but had one living daughter: Mary Tudor)
Henry asked the Pope to annul the marriage, but the Pope said, “no”
Henry broke away from the Roman Catholic Church and started his own religion: the Church of England (all just to marry Anne Boleyn and to try to have a male heir to the English throne!)
The monarch was the supreme religious leader of the Church of England (as passed by the Act of Supremacy)
Many Catholics refused to accept this and were executed for treason
He kept most Catholic forms of worship though

8. The Catholic Reformation
Led by Pope Paul III
He set out to revive the moral authority of the church and roll back the Protestant tide
In 1545, he called a meeting at Trent to establish the direction that reform should take in the Catholic Church
Defined Catholic beliefs and corrected abuses
Prohibited the sale of indulgences
Outlawed Simony
Monasteries and convents were cleansed of immoral clergy

9. The Jesuits
To deal with the Protestant threat more directly, Pope Paul recognized a new religious order, the Society of Jesus, or Jesuits
Founded by Ignatius, a Spanish knight, the Jesuits were determined to combat heresy and spread the Catholic faith
They set up schools that taught humanist and Catholic beliefs and enforced discipline and obedience