1. Reformation and Counter Reformation
Europe 1500s

2. Protestant Reformation
Catholic church seen as too powerful and corrupt.
Europeans attempt to reform the church.

3. Causes of the Reformation
Renaissance
Humanism leads to a questioning of (INQUIRY) church authority
Increased faith in human reason
Nation – States
Strong monarchs increased power by supporting reformers of the church and grabbing the Church’s previous power
Problems in the church
Church leaders acting like kings (too rich and powerful)
Selling indulgences (pay to have sins forgiven)
Increased fees for marriages and baptisms

4. Martin Luther German monk Angered by churches selling indulgences
1517 writes 95 Thesis
Arguments against sale of indulgences
Sparks Protestant Reformation (break away from Catholic Church)
Leads to formation of many new branches of Christianity

5. People only reach Heaven through faith in God
Pope cannot grant pardons for sins
Bible is only source of religious truth
Excommunicated (kicked out of Church) for actions
Edict of Worms forbids anyone to provide Luther with food or shelter
Finds shelter in Saxony where he translates New Testament into German
Printing press helps spread his ideas through Northern Europe and Scandinavia
Followers called Lutherans – later called Protestants
Question the Popes authority

6. John Calvin French priest People are born sinners
Heaven reached only through faith in God

7. Followers of Calvinism lived strict, frugal, disciplined lives
Predestination
God predetermines who will reach salvation
Followers of Calvinism lived strict, frugal, disciplined lives
Calvinism spreads to Germany, France, Scotland, England

8. Counter-Reformation Pope Paul III
Catholic Church’s response to the Protestant Reformation
Two main goals
Strengthen the Catholic Church
Stop Catholic conversions to Protestantism (Luther’s movement)

9. Council of Trent Council of Trent 1545 - 1563 Guided by Pope Paul III
End abuses in church
Selling indulgences
Set up schools to educate clergy

10. Jesuit Society Society of Jesus Founded by Ignatius of Loyola in 1530s
Emphasize spiritual and moral discipline and strict obedience to Catholic Church
Defenders of Catholicism
Missionaries spread Catholicism to Asia, Africa, and Americas

11. Ignatius of Loyola
Called for return to strictest and most uncompromising obedience to the authority of the church and church hierarchy
“I will believe that the white that I see is black if the hierarchical Church so defines it.”
Obedience to church could be achieved by learning “self-mastery” which taught people to deny themselves completely.
Membership of Jesuit society grew from 10 people to over 15,000 in less than a century.

12. Effects of the Protestant Reformation
Formation of Protestant Churches
Religious and political divisions
Loss of religious unity in Western Europe
Political divisions as rulers choose religion for nation
Religious conflicts
1500s religious civil wars in Germany and France
Spanish Catholics vs. English Protestants
Thirty Years War in European states 1600’s
Women’s attempt at gaining more rights failed… housewives
Anti-Semitism
Restrictions by Protestants and Catholics
Jews expelled from homes to separate neighborhoods or murdered
Witch Hunts lead to the deaths of thousands