1. VOWEL SOUND

2. What is vowel sound
Vowel sound is sound in which there is no obstruction to the flow of air as it passes from the larynx to the lips. A doctor who wants to look back of a patient’s mouth often ask them to say ‘ah’; making this vowel sound is the best way of presenting an obstructed view. The obstraction of air can be felt when making sound like /s/ or /d/.

3. Close and Open vowel
Make a vowel like the i: in the English word ‘see’ and look in a miror; if
you tilt your head back slightly you will be able to se that the tongue
is held up close to the roof of the mouth.
Now make an æ vowel (as in the word ‘cat’) and notice how the
distance between the surface of the tongue and the roof of the
mouth is now much greater

4. Close and Open vowel #2
The difference between i: and æ is a difference of tongue hight. We would describe i: as a relatively close vowel and æ as relatively open vowel. Tongue height can be changed by moving the tongue up or down, or moving the lower jaw up or down.

5. Close and Open vowel #3
Sound like i: is produced when the front of tongue raised to
the hard palate (without blocking the air flow) while sound like æ is produced when tongue is lower than the position of i:

6. Front and Back vowel #1
In making the two vowels described above, it is the front part of the tongue that is raised. We could describe i: and æ as comparatively front vowels and u as a back vowel. By changing the shape of the tongue we can produce vowels in which a different part of the tongue is the highest point. A vowel in which the back of the tongue is the highest point is called a back vowel.

7. Tense and lax vowel
Tense vowel is supposed to be pronounced with a general tension of the muscle of speech while the lax vowel is pronounced more relax than the tense one.
For example:
A sound like /i/ as in ‘beet’ is tense and /ɪ/ as in ‘bit’ is a lax vowel.

8. Lip-Rounding
In classifying vowel sounds, we sometimes wish to distinguish different degrees of lip-rounding. There are three forms of it:
Rounded : where the concerns of lips are brought toward each other and lips pused forward like the sound /u/
Neutral : where the lips are not noticeably rounded or spread. This noise most English people make when they are hesitating (written ‘er’) has neutral lip position.
Spread : With the corners of lips moved away from each other, as for a smile just like sound /i/

9. English and Indonesian vowels
English has twelve vowel single sounds (monophthongs) such as i:, ɪ, ɛ, æ, ə:, ə, ʌ, u:, u, ɔ:, ɔ, ɑ: and Indonesian has ten monophthongs such as i:, ɪ, e, ɛ, a, ə, ɔ, o, U, u.

10. Vowel sound i: For examples: See, feel, bead, ream Height of tongue
Front and back Vowel
Close and open vowel
Forms of lips
High-up
Front
Close
Spread
For examples:
See, feel, bead, ream

11. Vowel sound ɪ For examples: It, lid, fill, rich Height of tongue
Front and back Vowel
Close and open vowel
Forms of lips
High-down
Front
Close-mid
Spread
For examples:
It, lid, fill, rich

12. Vowel sound ɛ (epsilon) / e
Height of tongue
Front and back Vowel
Close and open vowel
Forms of lips
Middle
Front
Close-mid
Spread
For examples:
fell, get, led

13. Vowel sound æ (ash) For examples: Bad, cat, bat Height of tongue
Front and back Vowel
Close and open vowel
Forms of lips
Low
Front
Open-mid
Neutral
For examples:
Bad, cat, bat

14. Vowel sound ə: (schwa) / ȝ:
Height of tongue
Front and back Vowel
Close and open vowel
Forms of lips
Middle-up
Middle
Close-mid
Spread
For examples:
Bird, burn, heard

15. Vowel sound ə (schwa) For examples: Ago, colour, perhaps
Height of tongue
Front and back Vowel
Close and open vowel
Forms of lips
Middle-down
Middle
Open-mid
Neutral
For examples:
Ago, colour, perhaps

16. Vowel sound ʌ (caret or wedge)
Height of tongue
Front and back Vowel
Close and open vowel
Forms of lips
Low
Middle
Open-mid
neutral
For examples:
Up, cup, luck

17. Vowel sound ɑ: For examples: Card, dark, hard Height of tongue
Front and back Vowel
Close and open vowel
Forms of lips
Low-down
Back
Open
neutral
For examples:
Card, dark, hard

18. Vowel sound ɔ (open o) For examples: Box, hot, lock Height of tongue
Front and back Vowel
Close and open vowel
Forms of lips
Low-down
Back
Open
Rounded
For examples:
Box, hot, lock

19. Vowel sound ɔ: For examples: Cord, law, saw Height of tongue
Front and back Vowel
Close and open vowel
Forms of lips
Low-up
Back
Open-mid
Rounded
For examples:
Cord, law, saw

20. Vowel sound u For examples: Put, pull, look Height of tongue
Front and back Vowel
Close and open vowel
Forms of lips
High-down
Back
Close-mid
Rounded
For examples:
Put, pull, look

21. Vowel sound u: For examples: Pool, too, shoed Height of tongue
Front and back Vowel
Close and open vowel
Forms of lips
High-Up
Back
Close
Rounded
For examples:
Pool, too, shoed

22. EXERCISE 1