1. Safety and Regulatory Aspects of Remediation
Zhiwen Fan
Waste and Environmental Safety Section
Department of Nuclear Safety and Security

2. Outline Development IAEA publications
Safety Standards
Safety Reports
TECDOCs and Training materials
Regulatory Supervision of Legacy Site (RSLS)
Coordination Group for Uranium Legacy Sites (CGULS)
Some other activities
Slide 3: Objectives
Slide sets out what we hope you will learn from this lecture
Regulatory requirements for management of waste
Responsibilities of regulators and operators
Removal of site from regulatory control
Regulatory process
Funding
Non-radiological requirements
Support documents
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3. IAEA Safety Standards (https://www. iaea3

4. Existing Safety Standards for Remediation
Section 5 Existing Exposure Situation (Radiation Protection and Safety of Radiation Sources: International Basic Safety Standards, GSR Part 3)
Remediation Process for Areas Affected by Past Activities and Accidents, WS-G-3.1

5. To Address Identified Issues:
The IAEA has initiated the update of Safety Guide WS-G-3.1 on Remediation Process for Areas affected by Past Activities and Accidents (2007)
To produce Draft Standard DS468 on the “Remediation Process for Areas Affected by Past Activities and Accidents”.
WS-G-3.1 had been developed based on the Safety Requirements in WS-R-3 on Remediation of Areas Contaminated by Past Activities and Accidents (2003).
WS-R-3 was later superseded by the Safety Requirements now found in GSR Part 3 (Section 5) on Existing Exposure Situations, and applicable Safety Requirements from more recent waste safety standards.
DS468 will ultimately provide guidance in support of Section 5 of GSR Part 3.

6. Objectives of DS468:
To provide guidance on implementing the requirements on remediation of:
Areas contaminated by residual radioactive material arising from past activities that:
were never subject to regulatory control; or
were subject to regulatory control but not in accordance with the requirements of the existing IAEA and national safety standards.
Areas affected by a nuclear or radiological emergency, after the release and deposition has finished and the radiological situation has been characterized.
Areas affected by incidents, such as malicious acts, involving release of radioactive material.

7. Structure of DS468: INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background 1.2 Objective
1.3 Scope
1.4 Structure
FRAMEWORK FOR REMEDIATION
2.1 Governmental, legal and regulatory framework
2.2 Remediation strategy
2.3 Regulatory oversight
2.4 Funding of remediation
2.5 Involvement of interested parties [covered throughout remediation process]
3. THE REMEDIATION PROCESS [flow diagram]
3.1 Application of the principles of radiation protection
SITE EVALUATION
4.1 Initial site characterization and problem formulation
4.2 Detailed site survey
PLANNING OF REMEDIATION
5.1 Evaluation of remedial options
5.2 Safety and environmental assessments
5.3 Application of principles of justification and optimization in selection of remedial options
5.4 Development of remedial action plan

8. Structure of DS468: 6. IMPLEMENTATION OF REMEDIATION
6.1 Radiation protection during remediation
6.2 Monitoring and ongoing surveys during remediation
6.3 Emergency preparedness and advance planning
6.4 Site security
6.5 Management system
6.6 Release of areas
Unrestricted use
Restricted use
Restricted access
6.7 Final remediation report
6.8 Record keeping and information management
7. MANAGEMENT OF RESIDUAL MATERIALS GENERATED DURING REMEDIATION
7.1 General approach
7.2 Characterization and classification of materials
Exemption and exclusion
Clearance of materials
7.3 Recycling and reuse of residual materials
7.4 Management of remediation radioactive waste
8. POST-REMEDIATION MANAGEMENT
8.1 Removal of restrictions
8.2 Record keeping and information management
8.3 Interested parties aftercare, public communication, and consultation
8.4 Monitoring and surveillance programme
REFERENCES

9. Structure of DS468: ANNEXES
ANNEX I: FACTORS INFLUENCING REMEDIATION PLANNING AND IMPLEMENTATION
ANNEX II: CASE STUDIES ON HOW TO APPLY THE REMEDIATION PROCESS
ANNEX III: EXAMPLE TABLE OF CONTENTS FOR A SITE REMEDIATION PLAN
ANNEX IV: DOSE ASSESSMENT FOR REMEDIATION PURPOSES
ANNEX V: OPTIMIZATION OF SITE REMEDIATION: PRACTICAL ASPECTS AND EXAMPLE
ANNEX VI: SELF HELP
ANNEX VII: LIST OF RELEVANT REMEDIATION LITERATURE

10. Step-wise process-based approach:
Remediation Process:
Step-wise process-based approach:
Preliminary screening-level evaluation (characterization)
Detailed investigation (characterization, monitoring and modelling)
Planning of Remediation (including establishment of a “realistic” Reference Level)
Implementation of Remediation (including comparison of prevailing circumstances against the Reference Level)
Post-remediation management

11. Next Steps in Preparation of Draft Safety Guide DS468
DS468 was sent out for Member State review and comments were due on 2 June 2017.
The revised draft and resolutions to Member State comments will be submitted to Member States in early 2018.
Underlying technical guidance is also under development to provide more details in support of DS468, for example, on:
Effectiveness of remedial options to address dominant exposure pathways
How to establish Reference Levels
Decision-aiding tools for remediation of existing exposure situations
Optimization of technical and social aspects in living in contaminated environments

12. DS459 IAEA Safety Standards for NORM Residues
WS-G-1.2: Management of Radioactive Waste from the Mining and Milling of Ores (2002)
WASSC 31 (June 2011) concluded WS-G-1.2 to be revised at the light of the new requirements and developments to cover residues from other industrial activities
Working title: Management of Radioactive Residues from Uranium Production and Other NORM Activities
For Member States comments until 7 December 2016

13. Status of Development of DS459
WASSC 41 (June 2016) endorsed for 120 day MS comments until 7 December 2016
275 comments from 11 MSs
248 (90%) accepted and accepted with modifications
27 (10%) rejected:
Beyond the scope of the document
Fraction of 1 mSv/a
Citation and reference

14. Structure of DS459 1. Introduction 2. Overview of NORM Residues
3. Governmental, legal and regulatory framework
4. Protection of people and the environment
5. System for regulatory control
6. Strategies for NORM residue management
7. The safety case and safety assessment for NORM residues management
8. Safety consideration for long term Management of NORM Residues
Appendix A. Special considerations of residues from uranium production
Appendix B. Residue management plan for uranium production
Appendix C. Decommissioning plan for uranium production facility
References
Annex I. Example residue be assessed for possible regulatory control
Annex II. Questionnaire for survey of NORM residues management
Annex III. Application of the graded approach to the management of NORM residues
Annex IV. Reuse and Recycling of NORM Residues
Annex V. Sampling and determining radionuclide activity concentrations
Annex VI. Bibliography

16. Safety aspects of uranium production
1. Introduction
2. Overview of Uranium Mining and Production
3. Aspects Relating to the Legal and Regulatory Framework
4. Human Resources and Financial Implications
5. Licensing
6. Construction and Operation
7. Transportation
8. Termination of operations
9. Long term institutional controls
Appendix I. Life cycle and milestones for uranium production
Appendix II. Sample regulations for uranium production
Appendix III Regulatory guidance
Appendix IV. Competencies and skills of operator and regulator
Appendix V. Licensing
Appendix VI. Operator management plan
Appendix VII. Regulator management plan

17. In-situ leaching
1. Introduction 2. Overview of ISL Facilities 3. Safety Approach 4. Legal Framework and Regulatory Supervision 5. Safety Consideration in the Development and Management of an ISL Facility 6. Groundwater Protection 7. Other Considerations Appendix I. Groundwater restoration techniques Appendix II. Example of the USA and Australia Legal and Regulatory Approach for ISL Appendix III Performance of the Regulatory Review Appendix IV. Detailed Inspection Guidance for ISL Facility Appendix V. Examples of Accidents and Events That Have Occurred at ISL Operation Appendix VI. Glossary

18. Decision making for remediation

19. TECDOCS and Training Materials for Safety of Uranium Production and Remediation
Practical Intervention Techniques to Reduce Public Doses received by Members of the Public at Legacy Sites Associated with the Mining and Processing of Uranium Ore (IAEA-TECDOC-XXXX) 
Regulatory Review of Remediation Plans for Legacy Sites Associated with the Mining and Processing of Uranium Ore (IAEA-TECDOC-XXXX)  
Training Materials:
Consist of a 7 module package with about 140 lectures, including comprehensive E-learning materials.
Have been developed to provide for application of relevant IAEA Safety Standards, and to incorporate good practices from the Member States.
Incorporate case studies, as well as regulatory and technical experiences from national sources.

20. Application of graded approach
To respond MSs’ comments, a IAEA TECDOC on Application of the Graded Approach to the Safe Management of NORM Residue is being developed
TM on Application of the Graded Approach to Safety for Management of NORM Residues, Vienna, June 2017
1st CM was held in Vienna from 20 to 24 November to review the first draft
2nd CM is planned to be held in the week of March 2018

21. RSLS - Background
Widely existing legacy sites created when understanding of radiation risks is undeveloped and/or when regulatory supervision was weak or even non-existent
Remediation are also often challenged by insufficient regulatory capability
RSLS was so initiated with a goal to promote effective and efficient regulatory supervision of the management of legacy sites, consistent with the IAEA Fundamental Principles, Safety Standards and good international practices.

22. RSLS - Topical Areas IAEA initiative aimed at:
Strengthening the Regulatory Regime;
Safety Assessments and Environmental Impact Assessments;
Professional Development of Regulators
Three working groups addressing issues in each of these areas

23. RSLS
Six RSLS Annual Technical Meetings (2010,2011,2012,2013,2015, and 2016)
Four international workshops implemented since 2011:
August 2012 – Denver, Colorado, USA, including site visits.
April 2014 – Elliot Lake, Ontario, Canada, including site visits
November 2014 – Moscow, Russian Federation
September 2015 – Sibiu, Romania, including site visits
TECDOC to summarise the activities and outcomes from the first phase ( ) of RSLS was prepared in Russian and English.
ToR and draft work programme for phase two ( ) of RSLS was reviewed at the Annual Meeting 2016
RSLS Annual Meeting 2017 was held on October 2017 in France, jointly with the Uranium Mining and Remediation Exchange Group (UMREG)

24. CGULS https://nucleus. iaea
CGULS was established in June 2012 in Vienna
Coordination group comprised of national and international stakeholders
Provide forum for information exchange
Support project planning and implementation issues
Coordination mechanism to avoid duplication of efforts and optimize resources
A meeting in June 2017 in Kazakhstan to share the process of development of the Strategic Master Plan (SMP) of Environmental Remediation of Uranium Legacy Sites in Central Asia

25. CGULS https://nucleus. iaea
IAEA and Partners Agreed on SMP Plan for Remediating Uranium Legacy Sites in Central Asia at the IAEA GC 2017
ROSATOM will endorse on behalf of CIS (Commonwealth of Independent States) a practical arrangement on information sharing in Q1 2018
From 2-12 October 2017, Peer review of the Environmental Impact Assessment and Feasibility Studies for Remediation at Charkesar and Yangiabad, Uzbekistan.
From 27 November to 7 December, upon the request by the EC, Peer review of integrated EIA and feasibility study for the management and remediation of uranium production legacy sites of Degmay and Taboshar in Tajikistan.
EBRD Donor Conference expected to be held in Q4 2018

26. Other activities
TM on the Planning and Implementation of Long Term Institutional Controls and on the Release of Sites from Regulatory Control, held from 27 Nov to 1 Dec 2017
TM on Safety Assessment for long term management of radioactive residues from uranium production, June 2018, Vienna
TM of the Establishment of a Regulatory Forum for Safe Management of Uranium and Naturally Occurring Radioactive Material Residues, Nov 2018, Vienna

27. Safe Uranium Production and NORM Activity Regulatory Forum (SUNREG Forum)
Help build capacity in all MSs undertaking or considering uranium production or the management of NORM residues.
Promote good regulation and safe and environmentally responsible practices, through the application of IAEA Safety Standards.
Promote and increase the exchange of information and expertise among its participants, including regular updates on best practice approaches, targeted assistance in review and provision of expertise, and identification of gaps in guidance and support.
Support the utilization of IAEA tools and training materials.

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