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Chapter 7 Skeletal System
Relevant Pages (10th Ed.) 199 to 246
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270 Bones At Birth 206 Bones As Adult
Skeleton Divisions: Axial and Appendicular Axial Skeleton – 80 Bones, 3 Regions Skull Vertebrae Ribs
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270 Bones At Birth 206 Bones As Adult
Skeleton Divisions: Axial and Appendicular Appendicular Skeleton – 126 Bones, 4 Regions Pectoral Girdle Pelvic Girdle Upper Limb Lower Limb
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Skeletal System Is Lightweight
20% Of Our Body Weight Supportive But Light
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The Skull (Axial Division)
Skeleton: The Skull (Axial Division)
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Cranial Bones Surround Brain
Skull – Two Divisions: Cranial Bones (8 Bones) Facial Bones (14 Bones) Facial Bones Support Eyes, Jaw
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One Skull Bone Capable of Movement
Temporal External Auditory Meatus Mandible The Mandible Forms Hinge Joint With Temporal
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Cranial Bones United by Sutures
Sutures Unite Bones with Collagen Four Specific Sutures in Lab: The Coronal Suture The Sagittal Suture The Squamous Suture The Lambdoid Suture
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Skull Cavities Cranial Cavity – Formed by Cranial Bones Cranial
Fully Encloses Brain Major Body Cavity? Cranial
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Eye Socket (Orbits) Formed By 7 Bones:
Skull Cavities Sphenoid Frontal Eye Socket (Orbits) Formed By 7 Bones: Three Cranial Bones Four Facial Bones Ethmoid Lacrimal Palatine Zygomatic Maxilla
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The L-Shaped Palatine Bone
Anterior Maxilla Hard Palate Palatine Vertical Piece Horizontal Piece Inferior View of Skull
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In Humans, Hard Palate Separates Oral & Nasal Cavities
Nasal Cavity Non-Mammalian Vertebrates Nasal & Oral Cavities Connected Nasal Passages Open Into Mouth (White Arrows)
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In Humans, Hard Palate Separates Oral & Nasal Cavities
Mammalian Vertebrates - Hard Palate Forms Barrier Between Oral & Nasal Cavities Function?
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Cleft Palate Improper Fusion – Maxilla or Palatines
Oral & Nasal Cavities Not Separated Problems with Nursing / Feeding Frequency ~ 1 in 700 Births in US
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Nasal Cavity Ethmoid Maxilla Palatine Ethmoid Maxilla Palatine
Nasal Cartilage Ethmoid Maxilla Palatine Midsagittal View Anterior View
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Vomer Forms Inferior Aspect
Nasal Septum Perpendicular Plate of Ethmoid Vomer Forms Inferior Aspect
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Nasal Sinuses Function? Named For Bones They Occupy: Ethmoid Sinuses
Maxillary Sinuses Frontal Sinuses Sphenoidal Sinuses
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Major Openings In Skull
Foramen Magnum Occipital Bone Spinal Cord Meets Brain Brain Spinal Cord Foramen Magnum
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Major Openings In Skull
External Auditory Meatus Sound Enters Skull Contains Tympanic Membrane & Middle Ear Ossicles Ossicles Not Considered Skull Bones External Auditory Meatus
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Major Openings In Skull External Auditory Meatus
Sound Enters Skull Contains Tympanic Membrane & Middle Ear Ossicles Ossicles Not Considered Skull Bones
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Major Openings In Skull Entry / Exit of Blood Vessels
Carotid Canal Entry / Exit of Blood Vessels Carotid Canal - Carotid Arteries Jugular Foramen - Jugular Veins Jugular Foramen
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The Fetal Skull Bones Still Developing Intramembranous Ossification
Anterior Fontanel Bones Still Developing Intramembranous Ossification Soft Spots in Skull = The Fontanels Posterior Fontanel Sphenoid Fontanel Superior View Mastoid Fontanel Lateral View
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Hyoid Bone Axial Skeleton Does Not Directly Attach to Any Bone
Found on Larynx Function?
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Vertebral Column - Axial Skeleton
26 Bones - 5 Regions: Cervical Thoracic Lumbar Sacrum Coccyx
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Vertebral Column Functions - Support Skull
Skull Sits Here Cervical Vertebra 1 Connects To Occipital Bone Allows Skull To Rock Anterior and Posteriorly
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Vertebral Column Functions - Shock Absorber
4 Alternating C-Shaped Curvatures (Viewed Laterally) Allow Column To Behave like Spring Intervertebral Discs Absorb Compressive Forces of Weight
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Vertebral Column Functions - Shock Absorber
In Adult Skeleton: Cervical & Lumbar Curvatures – Point Posteriorly (Concave) Thoracic & Sacral Curvatures – Point Anteriorly (Convex) ANTERIOR
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Infant Vertebral Column
Single C-Shape Alternating Curves Develop Later Cervical & Lumbar Curvatures Switch Direction Later Thoracic & Sacral Curvatures Never Change Direction
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Vertebral Column Functions - Protect Spinal Cord
Vertebral Foramen In the Column, Foramen Form Continuous Cavity Vertebral Foramen Superior View
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Abnormal Curvatures of Vertebral Column
Abnormal Lateral Curvature (Posteriorly) = Scoliosis Typically in Thoracic Region Posterior View
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Abnormal Curvatures of Vertebral Column
Exaggerated Thoracic Curvature (Posterior Direction) = Kyphosis Common Cause - Osteoporosis Osteoporosis = Decrease in Spongy Bone
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Abnormal Curvatures of Vertebral Column
Lordosis Abnormal Lumbar Curvature (Anterior Direction) Cause? Added Weight to Abdomen
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Features of Vertebrae Vertebral Body (Anterior)
Posterior Vertebral Arch Vertebral Body (Anterior) Vertebral Arch (Posterior) Vertebral Foramen Body Anterior Vertebral Foramen SUPERIOR VIEW
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Processes on the Vertebral Arch
Spinous Process Processes on the Vertebral Arch Spinous Process (Posterior) Transverse Processes (Lateral) Posterior Transverse Process Anterior SUPERIOR VIEW
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Articular Processes Attach to Other Vertebrae
Superior Articular Processes LATERAL VIEW Articular Processes Attach to Other Vertebrae Superior – Vertebra Above Inferior – Vertebra Below Inferior Articular Processes
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How Do Vertebrae Stack? Anterior Posterior 1 2 SAP IAP Intervertebral Disc Anteriorly – Vertebral Bodies & Intervertebral Discs Posteriorly – Superior & Inferior Articular Processes
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Intervertebral Foramina
Lateral Gaps Between Vertebrae = Intervertebral Foramina Function? LATERAL VIEW
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Unique Vertebral Structures
Spinous Process Posterior Cervical Vertebrae Transverse Foramina – Contain Carotid Arteries Spinous Process Forked (Bifid) Anterior Transverse Foramina SUPERIOR VIEW
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First Two Cervical Vertebrae
Cervical Vertebra #1 called Atlas Cervical Vertebra #2 called Axis Anterior Posterior
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Cervical Vertebra 1 Articulates With Occipital Bone No Vertebral Body
No Spinous Process
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Cervical Vertebra 2 – Axis
Dens Projects from Body Dens articulates with Atlas
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Unique Vertebral Structures
Transverse CF Superior CF Thoracic Vertebrae Support The Ribs – Costal Facets Three Costal Facets on Each Side Inferior CF Posterior Anterior LATERAL VIEW
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Rib Spans Two Thoracic Vertebrae
1 2 Rib Spans Two Thoracic Vertebrae Head of Rib Attaches To: Inferior Costal Facet (Vertebra 1) Superior Costal Facet (Vertebra 2) Tubercle of Rib Attaches To: Transverse Costal Facet (Vertebra 2)
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Fetal Skeleton = Sacrum is 5 Bones
Later, Sacrum Fuses into Single Wedge-Shape Function of Sacrum? Pelvis – Anterior View
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Thoracic Cage Consists Of? 12 Pairs Ribs Anterior Cage – Sternum
SUPERIOR Thoracic Cage Consists Of? 12 Pairs Ribs Anterior Cage – Sternum Posterior Cage – Thoracic Vertebrae INFERIOR
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The Sternum One Bone, Three Regions Manubrium Sternal Angle Body
SUPERIOR One Bone, Three Regions 1 2 Manubrium 3 4 Sternal Angle 5 6 Body 7 8 9 Xiphoid Process INFERIOR
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The Ribs Pairs 1-7 = True Ribs
Connect Directly to Sternum with Hyaline Cartilage The Ribs
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The Ribs Pairs 8 - 12 = False Ribs Connect Indirectly to Sternum
Or Do Not Connect (Floating) The Ribs
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270 Bones At Birth 206 Bones As Adult
Skeleton Divisions: Axial and Appendicular Appendicular Skeleton – 126 Bones, 4 Regions Pectoral Girdle Pelvic Girdle Upper Limb Lower Limb
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The Pectoral Girdle Function? Four Bones: 2 Clavicles 2 Scapulae
ANTERIOR VIEW
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POSTERIOR VIEW Scapula – Does Not Directly Connect to Axial Skel. Gives Shoulder Great Mobility Clavicle Acts as Brace
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The Scapula Two Bones Articulate Humerus - Glenoid Fossa
Acromion Process ANTERIOR VIEW Glenoid Fossa Two Bones Articulate Humerus - Glenoid Fossa Clavicle - Acromion Process
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The Clavicle Acromion of Scapula Acromial End of Clavicle
Articulates with Two Bones: Scapula – at Acromion Sternum – at Manubrium Sternal End of Clavicle
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The Clavicle Most Commonly Fractured Bone In Body Occur During Falls
Arms Used to Break Fall: Scapula Pushed Back By Force on Arm Scapula Pulls on Clavicle Fractured Clavicle
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Articulates with Three Bones:
PROXIMAL END The Humerus Articulates with Three Bones: Proximal End: Head of Humerus Articulates with? Distal End: Trochlea & Capitulum ANTERIOR VIEW DISTAL END
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The Bones of the Antebrachium:
Radius and Ulna The Bones of the Antebrachium: Radius – Lateral Ulna – Medial
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Trochlea of Humerus Capitulum of Humerus Radius Ulna
ANTERIOR VIEW Right Elbow Joint
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Olecranon Process – The Elbow
Ulna Radius POSTERIOR VIEW Right Elbow Joint
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Bones of the Hand Wrist - 8 Bones Palm - 5 Bones Digits - 14 Bones
ANTERIOR VIEW (Right Hand) Bones of the Hand Wrist - 8 Bones Palm - 5 Bones Digits - 14 Bones
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The Carpals Trapezium Two Rows – Four Bones Each Row Are Short Bones
ANTERIOR VIEW (Right Hand) The Carpals Two Rows – Four Bones Each Row Are Short Bones Each Has Unique Name Only Know Trapezium Saddle Joint – Metacarpal I Distal Row Proximal Row Trapezium
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Carpal Tunnel Syndrome
Transverse Carpal Ligament Passes Over Carpals Carpal Tunnel – Space Between Ligament & Wrist Bones Inflammation of Tendons In Carpal Tunnel – Pushes on Median Nerve Fix = Wrist Brace or Surgery
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The Metacarpals Bones Within Palm 5 Per Hand Do Not Have Special Names
Numbering Begins with Thumb Metacarpal IV II III V I ANTERIOR VIEW (Right Hand)
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The Phalanges III IV II V I 14 Bones Do Not Have Special Names
How Phalanges are Named: Proximal, Middle, or Distal Numbered Thumb (Pollex) ANTERIOR VIEW (Right Hand)
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Example Naming Phalanx - Singular III IV II V I Distal Phalanx II
Middle Phalanx II Proximal Phalanx II I Distal Phalanx I Proximal Phalanx I Phalanx - Singular ANTERIOR VIEW (Right Hand)
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Pelvic Girdle and Lower Limb
Pelvic Girdle Function? Lower Limb Function?
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Pelvic (Coxal) Bones Develop as Three Bones – Fuse into Single Bone
SUPERIOR Ilium Ilium Ischium Ischium Pubis Pubis INFERIOR ANTERIOR VIEW RIGHT LATERAL VIEW
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Pelvis = Basin-Like Structure Formed By:
The Pelvis Pelvis = Basin-Like Structure Formed By: Pelvic Bones Sacrum Coccyx
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True & False Pelvis False Pelvis Cradles Abdominal Organs
Transmits Body Weight to Lower Limbs True Pelvis = Opening in Base of Pelvis Important In Childbirth
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Pelvic Bone Landmarks Ilium RIGHT LATERAL VIEW Acetabulum
Greater Sciatic Notch Ischial Tuberosity Function? Sciatic Notches and Obturator Foramen – Blood Vessel, Nerve Passage Acetabulum – Femur Attachment Pubis Lesser Sciatic Notch Obturator Foramen Ischial Tuberosity
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Anatomical Differences - Male and Female Pelvis
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Females Males False Pelvis / Ilium – Flared Out Laterally
False Pelvis / Ilium – More Upright
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Females Males True Pelvis – Large, Oval Shaped Sacrum Tilted Back
True Pelvis – Anatomical Heart-Shape Sacrum Tilted Forward
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Females Males Pubic Arch – Wide U-Shape, Greater Than 90 Degrees
Wider Pelvis Pubic Arch – Narrow V-Shape, 50 to 60 Degrees Overall Narrower Pelvis
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Articulates With 3 Bones:
Proximal End Femur Longest, Strongest Bone Articulates With 3 Bones: Proximal End: Head Of Femur – Acetabulum Distal End: Condyles – Tibia Patellar Surface – Patella Patellar Surface Distal End ANTERIOR VIEW
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Fovea Capitis – Entry for Ligament, Artery
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Gluteal Muscle Pull Causes Development of Trochanters
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Quadriceps Muscle Tendon
Patella Sesamoid Short Bone Protects Knee Joint and Tendon That Cross Knee Patella
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Tibia Medial Bone of Leg Receives Body Weight From Femur
Second Strongest Bone Proximal End: Medial and Lateral Condyles Articulate with Femur Distal End: Articulates with Talus (Tarsal Bone) ANTERIOR VIEW
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Fibula Lateral Bone of Leg Carries No Body Weight
Anchors Muscles Controlling Ankle & Foot
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RIGHT FOOT, SUPERIOR VIEW
Bones of the Feet Hallux Tarsals Metatarsals Phalanges I II III IV V Ankle: Tarsals - 7 Per Foot Plantar: Metatarsals - 5 Per Foot Digits: Phalanges - 5 Digits, 14 Bones RIGHT FOOT, SUPERIOR VIEW
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Right Foot, Lateral View
Calcaneus Talus Tarsals Right Foot, Lateral View Calcaneus – Heel Bone Talus – Articulates with Tibia & Fibula
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RIGHT FOOT, SUPERIOR VIEW
Metatarsals No Specific Names – Only Numbered Numbering Begins with Metatarsal Near Hallux II IV I III V RIGHT FOOT, SUPERIOR VIEW
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RIGHT FOOT, SUPERIOR VIEW
Phalanges Same Naming as Hand Multiple Bones Per Toe – Proximal, Middle, or Distal Bones Numbered – Starting with Hallux as Phalanx I II IV I III V RIGHT FOOT, SUPERIOR VIEW
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RIGHT FOOT, SUPERIOR VIEW
Example Naming Distal Phalanx II Distal Phalanx I I II III IV V Middle Phalanx II Proximal Phalanx I Proximal Phalanx II RIGHT FOOT, SUPERIOR VIEW
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