1. Chapter 2 - Stress
1) Define stress and how the human body adapts to stress (physiologically, mentally, and emotionally).
2) Explain how stress can increase the risk of disease and infection.
3) Identify common sources of stress.
4) Identify techniques for managing stress.
5) Explain the relationship between sleep and stress.

2. Stress
Definition -stress is the mental, emotional, and physiological responses caused by a stimulus that is either real or imaginary.

3. Stressor
Definition – a stimulus (real or imagined) that causes a stress response.
Types of Stressors
Eustress - Stressors that initiate positive challenges.
Distress – Stressors that initiate negative challenges.

5. Stress Response
Definition – it is the mental, emotional, and physiological response to a perceived stressor.

6. 4 Components of Stress Environmental Natural disaster
Natural disaster
Major life events
Daily hassles
Family or relationship problems
Demanding job
Sexual abuse
Assault
Personal illness
Chronic anxiety
Major depression
Mental
My well-being is threatened and I’m not sure that I have the personal, financial, and social resources to make things turn out OK.
Emotional
Fear
Anxiety
Frustration
Hopelessness
Depression
Physiological
Increased heart rate
Increased blood pressure
Changes in metabolism
Changes in alertness
Changes in sleep
Changes in immune function.

7. Homeostasis
Definition – a person’s normal physiologically function or balance.
Examples:
Resting heart rate
Normal metabolism
Normal blood pressure

8. Factors Influencing Stress
Predictability
Control
Social Support
Gender
Personality Type

9. Personality Types Type A
the person is over competitive, controlling, impatient, and aggressive.
Type B
the person is relaxed and contemplative.
Type C
the person is characterized as suppressing anger, holds emotions in, has feelings of hopelessness and despair, and exaggerates responses to minor stressors.
Type D
the person is vulnerable to anxiety, depression, and irritability.
Type E
the person perceives all stressors as a form of eustress.

10. Nervous System Response to Stressors
The nervous system initiates the stress response by recognizing a perceived stressor.
Sympathetic Division – part of the autonomic nervous system that stimulates the stress response.
Parasympathetic Division – part of the autonomic nervous system that slows or regulates the stress response.
Hypothalamus – endocrine organ within brain that mediates the stress response by releasing a hormone called corticotrophin (greater the concentration = greater the stress response.

11. Hypothalmo-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis
Endocrine response to sympathetic division
1) Hypothalamus releases corticotrophin
2) Pituitary Gland releases ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone)
3) Adrenal Gland releases epinephrine and cortisol
Epinephrine influence in increasing physiological functions
Cortisol is a hormone released by the adrenal glands to liberate an increase of glucose released to the body for energy, can also be potentially damaging to a person’s immune system.

13. General Adaptation Syndrome
Alarm Stage
The Alarm Stage is the recognition of stressor.
Resistance Stage
The Resistance Stage occurs when a person’s body begins to experience homeostasis or balance.
Exhaustive Stage
The person at this stage experiences overload or burnout because the body goes through adrenal fatigue.

14. Techniques for Managing Stress
Progressive Relaxation
Visualization
Meditation
Deep Breathing
Mindfulness
Yoga
Tai Chi
Qigong
Biofeedback

15. Mediums for Managing Stress
Social Support
Volunteering
Communication
Exercise
Nutrition
Sleep
Time Management