1. CONSCIOUSNESS

2. Did you know...
World Record – Longest period of time a human has intentionally gone without sleep (no stimulants)
Randy Gardner (1964) 17-years old
264 Hours (11 days)
Held Press Conference on last day – spoke without slurring
Health was monitored – negative cognitive & behavioral changes were reported
After falling asleep – slept 14 hours, 40 minutes.

3. Facts
Although some people insist they NEVER dream, research suggests EVERYONE dreams during the night
In sleep labs, people wakened from REM periods report % were dreaming w/ vivid & colorful images (even bizarre)

4. Important Vocab
Consciousness- Our awareness of ourselves and our environment.
Hypnosis- A social interaction in which one person (the subject) responds to another person’s (the hypnotist’s) suggestions that certain perceptions, feelings, thoughts, or behaviors will spontaneously occur.
Circadian Rhythm- The biological clock; regular bodily rhythms (for example, of temperature and wakefulness) that occur on a 24-hour cycle.
REM Sleep- Rapid eye movement sleep; a recurring sleep stage during which vivid dreams commonly occur.

5. Important Vocab
Sleep- Period, natural loss of consciousness- as distinct from unconsciousness resulting from a coma, general anesthesia, or hibernation.
Hallucinations- False sensory experiences, such as seeing something in the absence of an external visual stimulus.
NREM Sleep- Non-rapid eye movement sleep; encompasses all sleep stages except for REM sleep.

6. Consciousness refers to different levels of awareness of one’s thoughts and feelings
Alertness to nonalertness
Not completely aware = altered state
i.e. sleep
Consciousness arises as the brain forms a model of the world that combines external stimulation with internal experience.
A construct is something we can’t see or touch, but evidence says it exits. Love is a construct.
Consciousness contains everything we will remember about ourselves and our world

7. Defining Consciousness

8. What is Hypnosis? http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=39Oxjwdgt_Y
ter=ckTlQZWD_2GdFVAp8ujbUA&safe=active

9. Levels Of Analysis for Hypnosis

10. FAQ about Hypnosis Can anyone experience hypnosis?
Can hypnosis enhance recall of forgotten events?
Can hypnosis force people to act against their will?
Can hypnosis be therapeutic?
Can hypnosis relieve pain?

11. FREUD’S LEVELS OF CONSCIOUSNESS
Freud used the iceberg to explain his view of consciousness.
Unconscious thought can be seen in a young child: a jealous brother keeps undoing the bolts on his brother’s bicycle, but when caught, he really cant explain why he does it.
AN EXAMPLE OF THE UNCONSCIOUS would be feeling depressed but not knowing exactly why
Freud believed that the unconscious thought can control our behavior even though we have no awareness of their existence. He believed the unconscious is where we hide memories, emotions, and desires that cause us anxiety.
Freud said that we might repress (hide) something bad that happened to us (like being sexual abused) and that might manifest itself and cause problems later in life without us being aware.
Newer views of the unconscious say it may simply work on background tasks, like screening incoming sights, sounds, smells, etc.

12. Another way to think of attention and awareness is to think of the mind as analogous to a large but unlighted warehouse, and of attention as a flashlight that is anchored somewhere in the middle of the warehouse. The flashlight is able to shine a very bright but narrow beam of light wherever it is pointed (see Figure 2). The farther from the middle of the warehouse is an object, the more difficult it is to see with the flashlight. Objects in the corners and against the outer walls are impossible to see (the unconscious level).

13. SLEEP

14. During stage 1 sleep, which usually lasts about ten minutes, we lose perception of time. If you awaken someone in stage 1, you can fool them into believing they have been sleeping for hours.
You will go through the stages of sleep 4-6 times in a normal nights sleep.

15. NREM
NREM
NREM
NREM
The stages of sleep are not locked in permanetely. If you are deprived of sleep you may spend more time in deep sleep when you finally do sleep. If you are deprived of REM for a few ngihts (alcohol abuse can do this) you may fall into REM sleep more quickly and spend a high percentage of the night in REM sleep.

16. There are two (2) major types of sleep
REM sleep, a stage of sleep characterized by rapid eye movements, a high level of brain activity, a deep relaxation of the muscles and dreaming
This is the time when we will dream.
“Active sleep”
Have a friend close his/her eyes and then move their eyes around rapidly. This is similar to what your eyes look like during REM sleep.
When your body is paralyzed, it is called sleep paralysis and keeps us from acting out our dreams.
If you are keeping a dream journal and have been having trouble remembering dreams. Set your alarm for about an hour and forty minutes after you will fall asleep. You will be in a REM period and most likely dreaming when your alarm goes off.
15 minutes (beginning of night) to 45 minutes (end of night)
Your voluntary muscles are paralyzed.

17. Divided into 4 stages (first four)
NREM sleep. This stands for non-rapid eye movement and is the other type of sleep.
Where we spend the majority of our sleep time
Divided into 4 stages (first four)
Decreases in length as nights’ sleep progresses.
Bed-wetting, sleepwalking, and talking in one’s sleep all occur during NREM.
“Quiet sleep”

18. Why do we sleep? Sleep theories Sleep protects
Sleeps helps recuperation
Memory storage
Sleep and creative thinking
Sleep and growth

19. HOW MUCH SLEEP DO I NEED?

20. WHAT HAPPENS IF I DON’T GET SLEEP?
It can affect immune system
It can cause you to hallucinate
You will have less energy
Your cognitive performance can be affected

21. Effects of Sleep Loss

22. http://www. youtube. com/watch. v=6QAHeHocoZU The Importance of Sleep
The Importance of Sleep. Russell Foster: Why do we sleep? TED Talk

23. Texting and sleep
2010 Research – Average teen sends more than 100 texts per day
Major cause of sleep deprivation in teens
Texts may awaken you and decrease sleep
Playing games on your phone before bed can prevent sleep
Study showed that 77.5% of teens that text or surf web at night have trouble falling asleep
Can cause mood, behavior, and cognitive problems during the day including ADHD, anxiety, depression

24. Disrupting the circadian rhythm causes problems
24-hour biological clock; genetically programmed; regulates physiological responses
Disrupting the circadian rhythm causes problems
Sleep is regulated by environment/industrial clock, NOT your circadian rhythm
POTENTIAL PROBLEMS?

25. Problems that can result from disrupting the circadian clock
Accidents (body prepared for sleep, trying to stay awake to drive, alertness decreases)
Jet lag
illness

26. Your circadian rhythm for body temperature influences your sleep preferences

27. Treating Circadian Problems
Melatonin - supplements have been proven to help people sleep

28. Sleep Disorders Definition Associated with Insomnia Sleep Apnea
Failure to get enough sleep at night
Daytime - fatigue, impaired concentration, memory difficulty, lack of well-being
Sleep Apnea
Repeated periods during sleep when a person stops breathing
Daytime - exhausted; chances of developing increases when overweight, use alcohol or sedatives
Narcolepsy
Suddenly falling asleep or feeling very sleepy during the day
Daytime – sleep attacks accompanied by REM sleep

29. Sleep Disorders

30. NIGHTMARES & NIGHT TERRORS
Nightmares – unpleasant dreams occur during REM
Night terrors – sleep disruptions in stage IV; involve screaming, panic, confusion; often no memory of it
SLEEPWALKING
Most common in young children – will outgrow it
Linked to stress, fatigue, drug use

31. DREAMS Everybody dreams
Often incorporate everyday activities into dreams
FREUD (Dream interpretation): Dreams have hidden meaning/reveal the unconscious
MANY DREAM THEORIES:
problem-solving theory
mental housecleaning/clean brain
extending waking life

33. Why do we dream?
we-sleep-and-dream.html

34. DRUGS & CONSCIOUSNESS
PSYCHOACTIVE DRUGS: chemicals that affect the nervous system and result in altered states
Stimulants: elevate mood, increase energy & alertness
caffiene
cocaine
Meth
Ecstasy
Nicotine
Depressants: slow down nervous system
alcohol
sleeping pills
Barbiturates
Opiates
Hallucinogens: change persons perception of reality
marijuana
LSD

35. MARIJUANA & ALCOHOL Marijuana Alcohol
the dried leaves and flowers of Indian hemp (cannabis sativa) that produce altered states of consciousness
effects vary from person to person, situation to situation
studies suggest more dangerous to lungs than cigarette
disrupts memory formation
psychological addiction?
Alcohol
can loosen inhibitions
despite stimulating effect is a depressant
Can cause brain and liver damage
underage drinking has actually decreased

36. Task: Working in groups of 2-3 students
Task: Working in groups of 2-3 students. Work together to complete the following:
Define the following terms in your own words:
Withdrawal
Dependence
Tolerance
Addiction
What factors influence people to abuse alcohol? Tobacco? 
Name the main categories (3) of psychoactive drugs, and list three ways these substances can interfere with neurotransmission in the brain.
Discuss the biological, psychological, and social cultural factors that contribute to drug use.