1. MINERALS
What are they?
Mod.E U.3 L.1

2. SAME STUFF?

3. What I think (before) What is a mineral?
Are rocks and minerals the same?

4. The characteristics of a mineral
It is natural
It is a solid
It is inorganic – nonliving
It has a regular crystalline structure
It has a definite chemical composition.

5. Humans have always used minerals from the earth:
Early artists made their own paints from red and yellow pigments present in soils, the minerals hematite and ochre.
Countries and trade companies battled over deposits of table salt, also called halite, in the East Indies.

6. Drywall, made of gypsum;
Cement made out of lime or calcite;
Aluminum from the mineral bauxite to make aluminum foil and soda cans.
Don’t forget all the jewelry!

7. Mineral?

8. Mineral?

9. Mineral?

10. Mineral?
SnowCrystals.com

11. All matter is made up of …
Atoms
Elements
Compounds
See pR12-13

12. Matter …. Anything that has mass --amount of matter (grams)
And, has volume
-amount of space occupied (liters or cm3)

13. All matter is made up of Atoms – building blocks

14. Parts of an atom: Center – nucleus - protons and neutrons
Surrounded by electrons.

16. Elements: Have only one type of atom Are pure substances
E.g. Gold, oxygen, silicon, copper, etc,
See periodic table – list of all elements p R13

17. Compounds
Made up of MOLECULES – 2 or more atoms chemically joined together
E.g. water: H2O, carbon dioxide: CO2
Quartz: SiO4
Pure substance(only one type of particle)

18. Examples
Mineral: Silver – pure element
Mineral: Silicates – Compound of silicon, carbon and oxygen

19. CRYSTALS Solid, geometric forms, repeating pattern of atoms
Kinds of atoms determine the arrangement
The arrangement determine the crystal’s shape
Each mineral has a definite crystal structure

20. Quartz

21. Halite

22. Crystals

23. Crystal Systems Cubic Hexagonal Tetragonal Orthorhombic Monoclinic
Triclinic
Rhombohedral

24. Rocks and Minerals Same or different?
Rocks are made of minerals!

25. ACTIVITY 1 On each Table is an object.
Examine each object and determine which ones are minerals using the five questions on page of your text.
Write your answers neatly in your notebook.
Work QUIETLY!

26. How are Rocks and Minerals formed?
Major factors: Temperature, Pressure, & Elements present.
From Molten Rock – Magma & Lava
e.g. quartz, granite
By Metamorphism –
e.g. graphite, diamond,
From Solution – Hot solutions cool, Precipitation. E.g. Gypsum, Halite, Dolomite, Gold

27. TYPES OF MINERALS Silicate Minerals – 90% of all minerals
Contain silicon and oxygen
Non-silicate Minerals – Contain other minerals like carbon, iron, sulfur, etc
Copy classes of Nonsilcate Minerals p147

28. Silicates
Contain silicon (Si) and oxygen (O) in silicate tetrahedron unit: SiO4
"Obtained from (P&G website)"

29. Quartz Quartz (SiO4) - Used to make computer chips. Rarely pure
Many varieties:
Rose quartz, Smoky quartz, Amethyst, Milky quartz

30. Non-silicates
A. Oxides - Contain various types of elements bonded to oxygen (O-2)
Corundum (Al2O3)
a. One of the hardest naturally occurring minerals (Hardness= 9)
b. Used as an abrasive
c. Contains impurities
d. Gem stones include: red=ruby and blue=sapphire
- Hematite (Fe2O3)
a. Streaks yield reddish color
- Magnetite (Fe3O4) - Dark gray, Magnetic

31. Nonsilicate
B. Sulfides -- contain various types of elements bonded to Sulphur (S-2)
Pyrite (FeS2) "fool's gold“ a. Gold color, Green streak, Brittle,
Chalcopyrite (CuFeS2) - Like pyrite, but more yellowish, Contains copper
- Galena (PbS) - Greyish color, Very dense
Sphalerite (ZnS) (zinc sulfide) -
Yellowish-green streak, Powder has "rotten egg" odor

32. C. Carbonates - Consist of various elements bonded to (CO3)-2
Calcite (CaCO3) effervesces in HCl
Dolomite (CaMg(CO3)2) effervesces in HCl when powdered
D. Sulfates Sulfates consist of elements bonded to sulfate group (SO4)-2
- Gypsum (CaSO4)--used in construction

33. G. Native Elements - Only one element
E. Halides - Halides consist of elements bonded to chlorine (Cl-) or flourine (F-)
Halite (NaCl) Common table salt
Known as "rock salt," used to soften hard water
Flourite (CaF2) (Calcium flouride)--used in manufacture of toothpaste
F. Phosphates - Consist of elements bonded to a phosphate group (PO4)-3
Apatite (Ca5(F,Cl,OH)PO4)3--what teeth are made of
G. Native Elements - Only one element
gold(Au), copper(Cu), silver(Ag), sulphur(S), diamond and graphite(C),

34. Mineraloids Are similar to minerals, but have no crystalline structure
Examples: Obsidian, limonite, flint, opal

35. Mining Minerals Mining – Extracting minerals from the earth
Ore – Raw material containing mineral

36. 2 Main Ways Minerals are Mined.
1. Surface Mining – Open pit

37. 2. Underground mining

39. Resources: http://edtech.kennesaw.edu/web/rocks.html www.minerals.net