1. Altered States of Consciousness
Introductory Psychology 40S C. McMurray
Excerpts from Myers 8e (Worth Publishers)

2. Forms of Consciousness
Consciousness, modern psychologists believe, is an awareness of ourselves and our environment.

3. Biological Rhythms Biological rhythms are controlled by
internal “biological clocks.”
1. Annual cycles: On an annual cycle, geese migrate, grizzly bears hibernate, and humans experience seasonal variations in appetite, sleep, and mood. Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD) is a mood disorder people experience during dark winter months.
OBJECTIVE 2| Distinguish four types of biological rhythms, and give and example of each.

4. Biological Rhythms
2. 28-day cycles: The female menstrual cycle averages 28 days. Research shows menstruation may not affect moods.

5. Biological Rhythms
3. 24-hour cycles: Humans experience 24-hour cycles of varying alertness (sleep), body temperature, and growth hormone secretion. (Circadian rhythms)
4. 90-minute cycles: We go through various stages of sleep in 90-minute cycles.

6. Rhythm of Sleep
Circadian Rhythms occur on a 24-hour cycle and include sleep and wakefulness, which are disrupted during transcontinental flights.
OBJECTIVE 3| Describe the cycle of our circadian rhythm, and identify some events that can disrupt this biological clock.
Illustration © Cynthia Turner 2003
Light triggers the suprachiasmatic nucleus to decrease
(morning) melatonin from the pineal gland
and increase (evening) it at night fall.

7. Sleep and Dreams
OBJECTIVE 14| Define psychoactive drug.

8. We spend one-third of our lives sleeping.
Why do we sleep?
We spend one-third of our lives sleeping.
If an individual remains awake for several days, they deteriorate in terms of immune function, concentration, and accidents.
OBJECTIVE 5| Explain why sleep patterns and duration vary from person to person.
Jose Luis Pelaez, Inc./ Corbis

9. Sleep Stages Measuring sleep: About every 90 minutes, we
pass through a cycle of five distinct sleep stages.
OBJECTIVE 4| List the stages of sleep cycle, and explain how they differ.
Hank Morgan/ Rainbow

10. 90-Minute Cycles During Sleep
With each 90-minute cycle, stage 4 sleep decreases and the duration of REM sleep increases.

11. Awake & Alert
During strong mental engagement, the brain exhibits low amplitude and fast, irregular beta waves (15-30 cps). An awake person involved in a conversation shows beta activity.
Beta Waves

12. Awake but Relaxed
When an individual closes his eyes but remains awake, his brain activity slows down to a large amplitude and slow, regular alpha waves (9-14 cps). A meditating person exhibits an alpha brain activity.

13. Sleep Stages 1-2 Stage 1 Sleep:
Time of drowsiness or transition from being awake to falling asleep. Brain waves and muscle activity begin to slow down. Image may appear. May experience sudden muscle jerks, and a falling sensation.
Stage 2 Sleep:
Light sleep. Brain waves become slower, with occasional bursts of rapid waves called sleep spindles. Heart rate slows and body temperature decreases.

14. Sleep Stages 1-2

15. Sleep Stages 3-4 Stage 3 Sleep: Transition into deep sleep
DEEP SLEEP. Delta Waves. Breathing slows, body temperature drops even lower. No eye movement. Very difficult to be awakened during deep sleep. People who are awakened during these stages of sleep may feel groggy or disoriented when the wake up.
Bed wetting, sleep talking, sleepwalking and night terrors may happen during this stage.

16. Sleep Stages 3-4

17. REM Sleep
After reaching the deepest sleep stage (4), the sleep cycle starts moving backward towards stage 1.
Active period of sleep marked by intense brain activity. Beta Waves.
Breathing becomes irregular, eyes move rapidly in various directions. Limb muscles become temporarily paralyzed. Heart rate increases. Vivid dreams occur.

18. The Right Mix of Sleep
Teenagers need about 9.5 hours of sleep. But just as important as the quantity of sleep is getting the right mix of REM and DEEP SLEEP.
Deep Sleep (Stage 4) is a restorative or healing sleep. This is the time when the body does most of its’ repair work and regeneration.
REM Sleep is important for processes such as learning, memory, mood and the ability to concentrate.

19. Did You Know?
Sleep helps regulate the hormones that affect and control your appetite. Studies have shown that when your body is deprived of sleep, the normal hormone balances are interrupted and your appetite increases.
Unfortunately this increase in appetite leads to a craving for food high in calories, fats and carbohydrates!

20. Sleep Deprivation Fatigue Impaired concentration.
Emotional irritability.
Depressed immune system.
Greater vulnerability.
OBJECTIVE 6| Discuss several risks associated with sleep deprivation.

21. Sleep Disorders: Somnambulism: Sleepwalking.
Nightmares: Frightening dreams that wake a sleeper from REM.
Night terrors: Sudden arousal from sleep with intense fear accompanied by physiological reactions (e.g., rapid heart rate, perspiration) that occur during deep sleep (stage 4 sleep.)
OBJECTIVE 8| Identify major sleep disorders.

22. Sleep Disorders:
Narcolepsy: Overpowering urge to fall asleep that may occur while talking or standing up.
Sleep apnea: Failure to breathe when asleep.
Insomnia: Failure to fall asleep or stay
asleep.

23. Narcoleptic Dog

24. Sleep Theories
Sleep Protects: Sleeping in the darkness when predators loomed about kept our ancestors out of harm’s way.
Sleep Recuperates: Sleep helps restore and repair brain tissue.
Sleep Helps Remembering: Sleep restores and rebuilds our fading memories.
Sleep and Growth: During sleep, the pituitary gland releases growth hormone. Older people release less of this hormone and sleep less.
OBJECTIVE 7| Identify four theories of why we sleep.

25. Sleep and dreams

26. Drugs and Consciousness
OBJECTIVE 14| Define psychoactive drug.

27. Psychoactive Drug
A chemical substance that alters perceptions and mood (effects consciousness)
Psychoactive drugs are divided into 3 groups:
1. Depressants
2. Stimulants
3. Hallucinogens

28. Depressants
Depressants are drugs that reduce neural activity and slow body functions. They include:
Alcohol
Barbiturates
Opiates
OBJECTIVE 17| Explain how depressants affect nervous system activity and behavior, and summarize the findings on alcohol use and abuse.

29. Alcohol
Alcohol affects motor skills, judgment, and memory…and increases aggressiveness while reducing self awareness.

30. Barbiturates
2. Barbiturates: Drugs that depress the activity of the central nervous system, reducing anxiety but impairing memory and judgment. Nembutal, Seconal, and Amytal are some examples.

31. Depressants
3. Opiates: Opium and its derivatives (morphine and heroin) depress neural activity, temporarily lessening pain and anxiety. They are highly addictive.

32. Stimulants
Stimulants are drugs that excite neural activity and speed up body functions.
Caffeine
Nicotine
Cocaine
Ecstasy
Amphetamines
Methamphetamines
OBJECTIVE 18| Identify the major stimulants, and explain how they affect neural activity and behavior.

33. Caffeine & Nicotine
Caffeine and nicotine increase heart and breathing rates and other autonomic functions to provide energy.

34. Amphetamines
Amphetamines stimulate neural activity, causing accelerated body functions and associated energy and mood changes, with devastating effects.
National Pictures/ Topham/ The Image Works

35. Ecstasy
Ecstasy or Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) is a stimulant and mild hallucinogen. It produces a euphoric high and can damage serotonin-producing neurons, which results in a permanent deflation of mood and impairment of memory.
Greg Smith/ AP Photos

36. Cocaine
Cocaine induces immediate euphoria followed by a crash. Crack, a form of cocaine, can be smoked. Other forms of cocaine can be sniffed or injected.

37. Hallucinogens
Hallucinogens are psychedelic (mind-manifesting) drugs that distort perceptions and evoke sensory images in the absence of sensory input.
OBJECTIVE 19| Describe the physiological and psychological effects of hallucinogens and summarize the effects of LSD and marijuana.
Ronald K. Siegel

38. Hallucinogens
LSD: (lysergic acid diethylamide) powerful hallucinogenic drug (ergot fungus) that is also known as acid.
THC (delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol): is the major active ingredient in marijuana (hemp plant) that triggers a variety of effects, including mild hallucinations.
Hemp Plant

39. Bath Salts

40. Influences on Drug Use
The use of drugs is based on biological, psychological, and social-cultural influences.