1. Governance: Local Administration and Development
An Overview of Governance Concepts

2. Discussion
Note: Each week Be Prepared to Discuss one Item in the Discussion Section of the Readings

3. Assessment

4. Governance Issues
Nature of the Debate: Three Tracks- all link up to Governance and Democracy Debate
Governance
Civil Society
Local Government

5. Governance, and the Local State
Sovereignty
Authority to Govern (Ostrom)
Presumption of Independence
A National Government status given by International Community and by use of International Law

6. But? Haiti Earthquake, January 12, 2010

7. Sovereignty vs. Globalization
Transnational Governance Systems
Haiti: 2,000 civilian and 9,000 military forces (International Forces)- To Deal with an Earthquake
Transnational Governance or the New Imperial Model

8. UN Blue Hats

9. Overview The Governance Concept: Issues
1. Sovereignty- Legal Autonomy (International Law- Defined by Diplomacy)
2. Democracy vs. Governance (Institutions)
VIDEO

10. Governance and Sovereignty
A Renewed Interest- Transition
"[T]ransformation (and globalization) has led to a reinvention of government and what it does“*
*Bruce Parrott in in Karen Dawisha and Bruce Parrott, eds., The Consolidation of Democracy in East-Central Europe (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997)

11. Terms (Redux) Nation vs. State
Norway (5 million) vs. Ibo (27 million) (tribe?)
State- sovereign, with history
Government vs. Governance
Process: elections, selections decisions
Vs. Organizational Components (Legislative, Executive and Judicial)

13. Transitional vs. Developing Society
Governance- Transitional vs. Developing states-
There was (1991) a discovery of “new” problems in Eastern Europe, Caucusus and Central Asia with the END OF THE COLD WAR
Janine Wedel Collision and Collusion: The Strange Case of Western Aid to Eastern Europe (New York, N.Y.: St. Martin's, 1998)
Issue: Fragile vs. Collapsed States

14. Fragile and Collapsed States
Cambodia
Haiti
Somalia
Chad
Southern Sudan
Mini-Discussion: What is the Difference?

15. Governance: The Cultural Dimension
The Issue: Is there a “Clash of Cultures?”
Roman Catholic
Orthodox
Islam
Issue of the Week: Samuel P. Huntingon’s idea- See debates in Harrison and Huntington &
Robert Kaplan, Balkan Ghosts

16. Samuel P. Huntington (April 18, 1927–December 24, 2008)

17. Governance: an Overview of Issues
Basic Terms: The Environment of Development
Governance Revisited: Processes
Manner in which the state is created, modified or overthrown
Regime Change

18. Regime Change

19. Hierarchy of Authority

20. Governance Issues: Grass Roots or Micro-Level
Need to Focus on Local Government (not Local State)
Primary unit of government that has both political leadership and bureaucratic structures

21. Local Government Financial Allocation

22. Governance Issues Civil Society
Associations and organizations that are beyond the clan and the family and short of the state (does not include state organs)
Relationship to Democracy (Anglo-Saxon vs. Continental)
Individual (Rule of Law) vs. Collective (Corporatist) view

23. The Rivalry and the World

24. Democracy
The Nature of the Debate

25. Robert A. Dahl
Dahl argues that democratic societies are pluralistic and competitive and that there are many different elites involved, who have to work both in contention and in compromise with one another.

26. Types of Democracy Direct Democracy- Botswana Kgotla
“Panchayat in India”
Town hall or village model
Types of Democracy
Direct Democracy-
Actual direct participation of a population in decision-making about laws and regulations

27. Direct Democracy: The Mob
Mass Involvement or People’s Democracy

28. Types of Democracy: Terms
Indirect Democracy-Representation
Some form of representative democracy
Existence of various diverse interest associations and groups within society

29. Indirect? Democratic?

30. Polyarchy
Diverse interest associations of society compete with each other over policy issues
Competitive
Pluralism
Civil Society

31. Types of Democracy, cont.
Cooperative Movements (or Social Corporatism)
Diverse interest associations cooperate with each other and with organs of the state to make policy
Authoritarian (Mussolini’s Italy)
Military (Peron’s Argentina)
Social (Scandinavia)

32. Corporatism

33. Democracy: What is it?
“It is only when men learn what it means to be free, and struggle to maintain proper limits upon the exercise of authority so that no one is allowed to become master of the others that human beings have the possibility of creating mutual relationships which they may freely enter and leave as they seek mutually productive patterns of human development." - Vincent Ostrom

34. Elinor and Vincent Ostrom

35. Democracy
Limited
Institutionalized
Non-Zero Sum (Win Win)

36. The Zero Sum Game

37. Democracy: What is it? The Cynic Revised
“The policy makers have rational interests--to develop their countries, to improve the condition of their people, to acquire or stay in power, or to steal as much as possible.“-
Peter Berger, Pyramids of Sacrifice

38. James Madison and Democracy
The Eighteenth Century Cynic
The problem with
majorities
2. Tyranny
3. Factions

39. Direct Democracy vs. Representative Democracy
Problem with Populism
Mob Justice (Fear of French Revolution)
Lack of Minority rights
Shifting majorities and tolerance
Problem with Plebiscites
Size and the Need for Indirect Representation

40. Leninism and the Mob

41. Governance Failure and Sovereignty
Rules of the Game politics:
Zero/sum vs. sum/sum politics
"Splintering”
Break up of states--centrifugal forces
Goal: Interest Group Liberalism (Tolerance of Groups)
Civil Society as organizational
Not the individual or the mass

42. The Greek Civil War

43. Governance and Sovereignty
The need for apathy?
Constitutional vs. Social stability
Institutional structures:
Checks and balances
The Institutional State
What is the "Institutional State?” Why is it important?

44. Polish Constitution, May 3rd 1791

45. Final Issue: Human Rights

46. Civil Society And Human Rights First vs. Second vs. Third generation
Definition: Discuss
Networks of organizations, groups and individuals pursuing socio-economic interests
"Beyond the family but short of the state”- Hegal
"Human Rights, Basic Needs and the Stuff of Citizenship”-
Political- Social- Economic

47. Human Rights- The Debate
First Level- Individual- speech, religion, association
Second Level- health, education, welfare
Third Level- employment and
economic security

48. Civil Society Groups- Ideal Types

49. Civil Society Organizations
1. NGOs, CBOs, PVOs (Clark- Democratizing Development)
2. Grassroots, interests, not for profits (neutrality)
3. Nationalist Groups- role of ethnicity, religion and class
4. Privatization- Why not “for profits?”
5. Corporatism vs. clientelism- The Organic nature of society (Vincent Ostrom)- Corporatism vs. establishing rule of law
Social Criticism in Pakistan VIDEO

50. Break
Ten Minutes

51. Decentralization: An Overview
The Local Governance Debate
Bangladesh

53. Decentralized Governance:
Subsidiarity- higher units of Government should not do what can be done by lower units
Principle used by European Union

54. European Union Poster

55. What Local Government Does
Services- Depend Upon:
Fiscal/budget allocation
Taxes and transfers
Planning
Strategic priorities
Managing
Implementing (water, sanitation, roads, etc)

57. The Development vs. Governance Debate
States will necessarily remain central actors in development policy and development management."
Milton Esman (born
in 1917 (Cornell)

58. Local Government and the Local State
Local State vs. Local Government
Functional vs. Territorial Control
Devolution
Urban vs. Rural
Urban linked with Rural

59. Evolving Devolution

60. State Societal Linkages
Central State - Macro
Weak
Strong
SOFT STATE…………………………….PREDATORY STATE
State-mezzo Weak
Strong
Mono-State…...INTERGOVERNMENTAL Systems in place.…..Local State
Civil Society - Micro
Weak
Strong
Local - SOFT STATE….………………LOCAL GOVERNMENT

61. Sharpeville Massacre- Predatory State(21 March, 1961)

62. Uncivil Society
VIDEO

63. The Primary Unit of Government
Municipality: Lowest level with Bureaucrats
English/American
Town vs. county (Rural vs. Urban)
Continental European
Commune (no distinction between rural and urban)

64. Denmark Communes

65. Decentralization and Local Government: Models
Devolution- Political
Deconcentration- Administrative
Delegation- Public Organizations
Privatization- Contracting Out

66. Deconcentration

67. Delegation City Water Supply System

68. Government as Client

69. Deconcentration Functional vs. Prefectoral Prefectoral integrated
Prefectoral unintegrated

70. Control Systems Functional Home Affairs Local Govt. Public Works
Agriculture
Education
Labor
Council
Public Works
Office
District Ag.
Office
District Ed.
Office
District
Labor
Office

71. Agricultural Extension-Laos

72. Control Systems Prefectoral - Integrated Interior Local Govt.
Public Works
Agriculture
Education
Labor
District
Office
Council/Chief
Public Works
Office
District Ag.
Office
District Ed.
Office
District
Labor
Office

73. French Prefect Jura Region Aissa Dermouche

74. Colonial District Commissioner (Prefect)

75. Control Systems Prefectoral - Unintegrated Interior Local Govt.
Public Works
Agriculture
Education
Labor
Police
District
Office
Police
Council/
Chief
Public Works
Office
District Ag.
Office
District Ed.
Office
District
Labor
Office

76. Control Systems
VIDEO

77. Background Discussion
Discussion One: What is unique about Governance in different parts of the world?
Discussion Two: Limited Government-
What is it?
Why do States Fail?
Discussion Three: Command Economy? Is it Dead?