1. Measles, HIV, Tobacco Mosaic Virus (TMV) Salmonella, Gonorrhoea
PATHOGEN is a microorganism that causes disease.
Bacteria
Virus
Fungi
Protists
Reproduce rapidly
Make toxins
Very small
Examples of viral diseases:
Measles, HIV, Tobacco Mosaic Virus (TMV)
Reproduce inside cells
Damage your cells
Very very small
Reproduce using spores
Largest cell of these three.
Examples of bacterial diseases:
Salmonella, Gonorrhoea
Example of fungal disease:
Rose Black Spot
Example of protist disease:
Malaria
Single celled organisms.
Often use vectors.
Large and parasitic.

2. Engulf & ingest
Antibodies stick to pathogen
Anti toxins stick to toxins
White blood cells produce antibodies which match the shape of the antigen
White-blood cells can quickly produce antibodies next time you’re infected
Small amount of dead or inactive pathogen injected
Immunity is when your body can make the antibodies needed to kill a pathogen you’ve had before.
Vaccines

3. Antibiotics only work on Bacteria!
Not viruses!
Preventing Antibiotic Resistance
Don’t overuse antibiotics
Take specific antibiotics
Overuse leads to more bacteria becoming resistant to antibiotics.
Mutations create new strains which are difficult to treat!
Resistant bacteria survive & reproduce & cannot be treated!
Developing new drugs
Drugs tested to see if they are effective, safe & stable
Drug Trials
Research drug and make chemicals
Tested on tissues and cells
Tested on animals
Tested on healthy volunteers
Clinical trials on unhealthy patients
Thalidomide wasn't properly tested and caused limb deformities
A double blind trial is when neither the doctors or patients know which is the placebo drug.
A PLACEBO is a pill that contains no drug. This helps doctors see the real effect of a medicine.

4. Monoclonal Antibodies (MAB’s)
Biology Only
Identical antibodies produced by a single clone of cells.
ADVANTAGES
DISADVANTAGES
Uses of MAB’s:
Pregnancy Tests
Locating blood clots
Treating cancers
Cheaper to develop
They bind to diseased or damaged cells needing treatment.
Treat a wide range of conditions.
Expensive
Many side effects
Body cells can be harmed.
Complex
Plant Diseases
Plant defences
Tobacco Mosaic Virus (TMV):
Mottling or leaves
Curled leaves
Stunted
streaks or spots on leaves.
discoloured
Physical:
Bark
Waxy cuticle on leaves
Cell walls
growth
Yellow
Black Spot Fungus:
or spots on upper surface of leaf.
Black
purple
Mechanical:
Thorns
Leaves that curl when touched
Aphids:
Small that feed on the sap of the plant.
growth rate.
Mottled or yellow leaves.
Low
insects
Decreased
Chemical:
Antibacterial chemicals
Poisons
yield

5. Exam Q1

6. Exam Q2
Students did not talk about the reason why the person did not get measles AFTER vaccination.

9. Exam Q3

10. Exam Q4
Temperature used in industries?

13. Exam Q5