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Foundations and Evolutions
Cost Accounting Foundations and Evolutions Kinney, Prather, Raiborn Chapter 7 Standard Costing and Variance Analysis
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Learning Objectives (1 of 2)
Describe how standards are set for material, labor, and overhead List the documents that are associated with standard cost systems and describe the information that those documents provide Calculate and record material, labor, and overhead variances
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Learning Objectives (2 of 2)
Explain why standard cost systems are used Contrast the traditional labor and overhead elements to a single conversion element (Appendix) Explain how multiple material and labor categories affect variances
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Standards Standard costs are budgeted costs to
manufacture a single unit of product, or perform a single service To develop standards identify material and labor types, quantities, and prices overhead types and behavior
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Material Standards Materials used Types Quantity Quality Cost From
Product specifications, observation, inquiry Bill of materials Balance cost, quality, and projected sales price
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Labor Standards Labor used From Types Quantity Cost
Production, setup, cleanup, and rework Quantity Cost Include wages, payroll taxes, and fringe benefits From Time and motion studies, industrial engineering studies Operations flow document
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Overhead Standards Variable and fixed manufacturing overhead
Estimated level of activity Estimated costs Predetermined factory overhead application rates
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Total Variance SP x SQ AP x AQ Total Variance Inputs Outputs
AP = actual cost/price per unit of materials or hours of labor AQ = actual quantity of materials or hours of labor SP = standard cost/price per unit of materials or hours of labor SQ = standard quantity of materials or hours of labor
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Material Price Variance (MPV)
AP x AQ SP x SQ Total Variance SP x AQ MPV What was paid What should have been paid (AP - SP) x AQ* *Favorable or unfavorable
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Material Price Variance
Calculate Material Price Variance at point of purchase, or when materials used
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Material Quantity Variance (MQV)
AP x AQ SP x SQ Total Variance SP x AQ MQV What was used What should have been used for level of output (AQ - SQ) x SP* *Favorable or unfavorable
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Labor Rate Variance (LRV)
AP x AQ SP x SQ Total Variance SP x AQ LRV What was paid What should have been paid (AP - SP) x AQ* *Favorable or unfavorable
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Labor Efficiency Variance (LEV)
AP x AQ SP x SQ Total Variance SP x AQ LEV What was used What should have been used for level of output (AQ - SQ) x SP* *Favorable or unfavorable
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Variable Overhead Variances
VOH Spending Variance VOH Efficiency Variance Total VOH Variance SP x SQ SP x AQ Actual VOH Budgeted VOH Applied VOH Actual For actual hours used What should have been used for level of output
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VOH Spending Variance Caused by price differences
managers have little control over prices Caused by shrinkage or waste managers should be held accountable
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Fixed Overhead Variances
SP x SQ Actual FOH Budgeted FOH Applied FOH FOH Spending Variance FOH Volume Variance Total FOH Variance Constant Amount What should have been used for level of output
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FOH Spending Variance Calculate variance for each component
Caused by price differences May reflect mismanagement of resources
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FOH Volume Variance Measures capacity utilization
Caused by producing at a level that differs from the capacity level used to compute the predetermined overhead rate Also called the noncontrollable variance
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Four Variance Approach
SP x SQ Actual OH based on Standard Quantity Standard OH Volume Variance Total OH Variance Budgeted OH based on Actual Inputs VOH & FOH Spending Variances VOH Efficiency Variance Applied Overhead
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Why Use Standard Cost Systems
Clerical efficiency Motivation Planning Controlling - variance analysis Decision making Performance evaluation
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Setting Standards Appropriateness Attainability Expected standards
Practical standards Ideal standards
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Questions How are standards set for material, labor, and overhead?
How is variance analysis used for control and performance evaluation? Why are labor and overhead elements sometimes combined into a single conversion element?
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