1. The Respiratory System
Pathophysiology
BMS 243
The Respiratory System
COPD
Dr. Aya M. Serry
2017

2. What is COPD? COPD is a condition in which;
The lungs have become permanently altered
The airways in the lungs are constantly narrowed
Chronic inflammation creates difficulty breathing

3. Two Major Causes of COPD

4. Bronchitis
Bronchitis is inflammation of the inner lining of the Bronchi
Chronic Bronchitis is characterized by:
Chronic inflammation and excess mucus production
Presence of chronic productive cough

5. Emphysema Emphysema is long-term destruction of lungs over time
Emphysema is a chronic lung disease caused by damage to the alveoli, where exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide takes place.
This damage to the alveoli results in air becoming trapped, causing them to expand and rupture

6. COPD Risk Factors Smoking is the primary risk factor
Long-term smoking is responsible for % of cases
Smoker, compared to non-smoker, is 10 times more likely to die of COPD
Prolonged exposures to harmful particles and gases from:
Second-hand smoke
Industrial smoke
Chemical gases, vapors & fumes
Dusts from grains, minerals & other materials

7. Cigarette smoking

8. Symptoms of COPD Fatigue Frequent respiratory infections
Cough with or without mucous
Fatigue
Frequent respiratory infections
Shortness of breath
Wheezing

9. Diagnosis of COPD
To diagnose COPD, your doctor will ask about your symptoms and medical history, do a physical exam, and conduct breathing tests.
The most common breathing test used to confirm a diagnosis of COPD is spirometry. This easy, painless test involves breathing into a large hose connected to a machine, called a spirometer. The spirometer measures how much air your lungs can hold and how fast you can blow air out of your lungs.
Your doctor may suggest additional tests problems. These may include other lung function tests, a chest X-ray, or a test to measure the level of oxygen in your blood.

10. Medical Treatment of COPD
COPD can be managed, but not cured
Treatment is different for each individual and is based on severity of the symptoms
Before you take your medications, The doctor will order you to stop
smoking immediately
Medications:
Bronchodilators [Salbutamol (Ventoline®)] – Relaxes muscles around airways (β2 adrenergic agonists)
Steroids -- Reduces inflammation
Oxygen therapy -- Helps with shortness of breath

11. Treatment of COPD
Medications that are given to prevent further Complications are:
Annual flu vaccine -- Reduces risk of flu and its complications
Pneumonia vaccine -- Reduces risk of common cause of pneumonia

12. THANK YOU…..