1. Biochemistry - Macromolecules
The molecules that make up and run your body

2. 4 Types of Macromolecules

3. Macromolecules ALL of these Macromolecules are Organic molecules
What does that mean?
It means they have carbon in the presence of hydrogen

4. Macromolecules
Macromolecules are constructed of smaller units called POLYMERS
Polymers are subdivided into their basic units called MONOMERS.

5. Making & Breaking of Polymers
Dehydration Synthesis – the making of a polymer by removing water.
Anabolic process because it is building
Hydrolysis – the breaking apart of a polymer by adding water
Catabolic process because it is splitting

6. Dehydration Synthesis Example: Glucose + Fructose = Sucrose

7. Hydrolysis Example: Sucrose = Glucose + Fructose (just reverse dehydration synthesis)

8. Carbon Carbon has 4 valence electrons Carbon can bond to Carbon
forms strong covalent bonding with many other elements
Carbon can bond to Carbon

9. CARBOHYDRATES
Elements - CHO

10. Name 4 Foods containing Carbohydrates.

11. Monosaccharides Single (simple)sugars Monomer of Carbs
Supply immediate energy
Examples:
glucose
Fructose
Ribose
deoxyribose

12. Monosaccharides
Single Sugars

13. Disaccharides Double Sugars Polymer of Carbs Quick source of energy
Formed by dehydration synthesis
Examples:
Sucrose, lactose, maltose

15. Disaccharides Examples: Sucrose – glucose + fructose Maltose Lactose
NOTICE: Mono & Disaccharides end in the suffix -ose

16. Polysaccharides Many sugars
Function as structural or storage molecules
Examples:
Storage
Starch—Plants
Glycogen—Animals
Structural
Cellulose—Plants
Chitin-fungi, insects

17. Polysaccharide

18. Polysaccharide

19. F Y I Cellulose Primarily found in cell walls of plants
Must be broken down into glucose before cells can use it for energy
Cows, termites, and roaches have microbes in their digestive tracts that do this for them
WE DON’T – that is why we can’t graze on grass for lunch!!
However, we do need cellulose although we just call it FIBER in our diet: It scrubs out our intestines!

20. In charge of all your body functions
PROTEINS
In charge of all your body functions

21. Proteins Elements: CHON Examples: Antibodies, hemoglobin, ENZYMES
Monomers: Amino Acids
Functions:
Control rates of reactions
Used to form bones and muscles
Transport substances
Help fight disease
Can be denatured by excesses in temperature & pH

22. 20 main amino acids make up all of the proteins we need!!

23. Peptide Bonds

24. Structural Proteins

25. Types of Proteins Structural Proteins Support & Strengthen Elastin
Ligaments & skin
Collagen
Skin, ligaments, tendons
Keratin
Hair, skin, & nails
Functional Proteins
Role in Biological Process
Hemoglobin
Carries O2 in blood
Insulin
Regulates blood glucose
Antibodies & Antigens
Fight infection
Enzymes
Regulate biochemical reactions

26. Functional Proteins
Depend on their structure to do their jobs.

27. Enzymes

28. Enzyme action Enzymes can act as a catalyst
A molecule that lowers ACTIVATION ENERGY
This can increase a reaction’s speed (rate) up to 1010 times!!
The enzyme is not changed at all by the chemical reaction so can be reused over and over

29. Enzyme Specificity
Substrate: the molecule that is affected by the enzyme
Active site: place on the enzyme where the reaction occurs
ONE ENZYME ACTS ON ONLY ONE SUBSTRATE: VERY SPECIFIC !
Amylase breaks down amylose
Lactase breaks down lactose

30. Enzyme Action Lock and key fit: active site and substrate fit exactly
Induced fit: active site can adjust to “wrap around” substrate to get optimum fit
Enzyme Action Video Clip

31. Cell Membrane Proteins

32. Protein Denaturation STRUCTURE DETERMINES FUNCTION
Active site must be the correct shape for the substrate
H-bonds hold these proteins together in their correct shape

33. Protein Denaturation
Extremes (too high or too low) in TEMPERATURE and pH can disrupt the H-bonds causing the active site to be destroyed.
Then the enzyme CANNOT do its function!

34. Organic compounds containing CHO(P)
LIPIDS
Organic compounds containing CHO(P)

35. Lipids Elements: CHO(P) Monomer: glycerol + fatty acids Examples:
Steroids
Fats
Phospholipids

36. Lipids
Functions:
Neutral fats – long term energy storage; Insulation & cushioning
Steroids (hormones) – chemical messengers
Phospholipids - Makes up cell membranes

37. Neutral Fats: triglyceride

38. Phospholipid Bilayer

40. Steroids
Monomers are carbon skeleton of 4 fused rings

41. Saturated Fats vs. Unsaturated
WRITE THESE FACTS IN THE CHART ON YOUR NOTES
Saturated Fats –
SINGLE BONDS, straight, pack closely together
SOLID at room temp.
ANIMAL FATS

42. Saturated Fats vs. Unsaturated
WRITE THESE FACTS IN THE CHART ON YOUR NOTES
Unsaturated Fats –
DOUBLE BONDS, Bent, can’t pack closely together
LIQUID at room temp
PLANT FATS

44. NUCLEIC ACIDS
GENETIC MATERIAL

45. DNA & RNA

46. Nucleic Acids Elements: CHONP Monomers = nucleotides
Found in DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid) and RNA (Ribonucleic Acid)
Functions:
Store and transmit genetic information.
DNA Bases: A,T,C,G
RNA Bases: A,U,C,G

48. DNA CHART INFO Cellular site = nucleus
Function = Directs protein synthesis (contains all the instructions)
Sugar = deoxyribose
Nitrogenous bases = A T C G
Structure = double helix

49. RNA CHART INFO Cellular site = in & out of nucleus (can travel)
Function = Carries out protein synthesis (makes it happen)
Sugar = ribose
Nitrogenous bases = A U C G
Structure = single strand