1. MACROMOLECULES You are what you eat!
SWBAT define macromolecule and name the four biological macromolecules found in all living organisms
SWBAT identify the monomers that compose each of the major macromolecules
SWBAT describe the main functions of each of the macromolecules

2. Organic Molecules What makes something organic?
Organic molecules contain carbon
All the macromolecules we will study are organic!

3. Organic Substances of the Body - Overview
Organic Compound
Elements
Building Blocks
Carbohydrates
Carbon, Hydrogen and Oxygen
Simple sugars (monosaccharides)
Lipids
Glycerol and Fatty Acids
Proteins
Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, Phosphorus and Sulfur
Amino Acids
Nucleic Acids (DNA and RNA)
Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen and Phosphorus
Nucleotides

4. Why are Carbs Important?
Short Term Energy Storage!!
Simple sugars are probably the largest source of cellular energy

5. Carbohydrates Specific Names: Monosaccharides (1 unit)
Disaccharides (2 units)
Polysaccharides (3+ units)

6. Carbohydrates - Monosaccharides
Monomer = Monosaccharides
Ex: Glucose – main fuel source for cell work (plants make this for energy!)
Fructose – fruits; sweetest
Galactose – milk
All isomers - C6H12O6
fructose
galactose
glucose

7. Disaccharides
2 monosaccharides bound together by dehydration synthesis
Example:
Maltose (seeds)  glucose + glucose
Sucrose (table sugar)  glucose + fructose
Lactose  glucose + galactose
Molecule of Maltose sugar

8. Polysaccharide Polysaccharides – long chains (3+) of monosaccharides
Complex carbohydrates
Glycogen – how animals store sugar
Starch – how plants store sugar
Cellulose – structural support for plants; found in cell walls

9. Four train cars = a polymer
One train car = monomer
Four train cars = a polymer

10. CARBOHYDRATE Polysaccharide Disaccharide Monosaccharide
Carb Recap!
CARBOHYDRATE Polysaccharide Disaccharide Monosaccharide
BIG
SMALL

11. Proteins Monomer = Amino Acids Each amino acid is made of:
A Carbon, Hydrogen, Carboxyl group, Amino group and an “R group”
20 Amino Acids total exist
Made from different combo’s of the R group
Of these 20…
11 are made within your body
9 must be acquired through our diet!

12. Peptide Bonds
AA’s connected by peptide (covalent) bonds via dehydration
Peptide bond - the chemical bond between the carboxyl groups and amino groups that unites a peptide

13. 2 A.A’s = Dipeptide 3+ A.A’s = Polypeptide 1000 A.A’s = PROTEIN!
Polypeptide – many AA in a linear form
Protein – a highly structured connection of polypeptides

14. Proteins - Functions
Proteins carry out a wide range of functions in the body:
Collagen & keratin are structural proteins. Collagen holds the tissues together throughout the body and strengthens ligaments and tendons.
Keratin is a protein that toughens and waterproofs the skin.
The proteins actin and myosin permit our muscles to contract.
Hemoglobin is a blood protein that transports oxygen and carbon dioxide throughout the body.
Antibodies are proteins in the blood and body fluids that help to fight infections.
Enzymes are a special class of proteins that assist other chemicals to react with each other. These reactions are the basis of all life chemistry.

15. PROTEIN Polypeptide Dipeptide Amino Acid
PROTEIN Recap!
PROTEIN Polypeptide Dipeptide Amino Acid
BIG
SMALL

16. Think of our jolly rancher water vs. saliva experiment!!!
What is a Catalyst?
A catalyst is a substance that speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction by decreasing the activation energy needed to start a chemical reaction
Think of our jolly rancher water vs. saliva experiment!!!

17. What are Enzymes?
Enzymes are catalysts for chemical reactions in living things
Involved in almost every process, including:
Breaking down food (Amylase  starch)
Destroying pathogens
Amylase breaks down starch into simple sugars  this rxn occurs almost 1 million times faster than it could without amylase

18. How do Enzymes work?
Enzymes shape only allows specific reactants to bind
These reactants are called substrates
Ex: Amylase only breaks down starch  Amylase is the enzyme and starch is the substrate
Substrate temporarily bind to enzyme at a specific place called the active site

19. How do Enzymes work? Lock & Key Analogy:
Lock = Enzyme
Key = Substrate
This is why if the shape of an enzyme changes, the enzyme may not work at all!
NOTE: Enzymes NEVER CHANGE SHAPE

20. Enzyme Overview Help us by:
Breaking down food (metabolism) in our mouths, digestive tracks, etc.
Putting together proteins
Overall immune system (kills pathogens)

21. Denaturation We call this denaturation
Enzymes are destroyed by:
Changes in pH
Changes in temperature
We call this denaturation
If the structure denatures, the enzyme will no longer work properly
enzymes change their shape (denature)

22. Lipids Consist of non-polar covalent bonds No specific monomer
Hydrophobic (oil-water)
No specific monomer
Base unit:
Glycerol head
Fatty Acid tails/chains
Smaller than true polymers
Not all made of the same repeating units

23. Types of Lipids Triglyceride 3 FA’s bonded to a glycerol head molecule
Another name for
common “fat”
Glycerol
Triglyceride

24. Types of Triglycerides
Unsaturated Fat
FA chains with double bonds
Harder for body to break down, but more useful
Liquid at room temp
Causes kinks in chains
Most PLANT fats; ex. Vegetable Oil
Saturated Fat
FA chain that has all single bonds
Easier for body to break down, but not as useful
Solid at room temp
Straight FA chains
Most ANIMAL fats; ex. Butter

25. Types of Lipids Steroids Composed of 4 fused Carbon rings
Ex. Hormones, sex hormones, and cholesterol

26. Types of Lipids Phospholipids
Composed of 2 F.A. chains, a glycerol head, and a phosphate group
Make up the phospholipid bilayer of the cell membrane
Hydrophilic head (glycerol)
Hydrophobic tails (FA chains)

27. Function of Lipids Long-term energy storage Insulation
Protection (membranes)

28. Nucleic Acids Monomer = Nucleotides Made up of: Phosphate
5-Carbon Sugar
DNA – Deoxyribose
RNA – Ribose sugar
Nitrogen Base
A,C,T,G

29. Nucleic Acids Examples: ATP DNA RNA Adenosine Triphosphate
Made of THREE Phosphate bonds!
Main supply of energy within our cells!
DNA
RNA

30. Function of Nucleic Acids
Stores genetic information
Gene – specific piece of DNA that codes for a specific protein
Provides are cells with energy
ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate)