1. What Factors Influence Tenure Reform Implementation
What Factors Influence Tenure Reform Implementation? Perspectives of Government Implementing Agents
Tuti Herawati, Esther Mwangi
Anne Larson, Iliana Monterosso, Nining Liswanti,
Baruani Mshale, MR Banjade and Dennis Ojwang
CIFOR Annual Meeting, 17 October 2017

2. OUTLINE Introduction Research Method Key Findings Gender
Objectives of FTR & Target beneficiaries
Actions to safeguard rights & support to communities
Constraints & obstacles
Key factors in overall reform & activity implementation
Concluding remarks

3. introduction
Laws and policies had shifted towards expanded rights and participation of communities
Reform implementation involves diverse actors with multiple roles and interests, including government officials
Few studies have attempted to systematically document the conditions facing government agency implementers in multiple settings in their efforts to implement forest tenure reforms.

4. STUDY Countries Nepal Uganda Kenya Peru Indonesia
Data collection : July 2016 – July 2017
Total respondent 145 government officials

5. Questions ASKED General info about reform Work experience & motivation
Factors that influence whether and how government agencies implement their legal mandates and how their implementation efforts influences local tenure security and incentives for sustainable forest management.
General info about reform
Work experience & motivation
Soc-political-economic
Conflicts
Constraints
Coordination

6. “Forest tenure reform implementation is male dominant”
KEY findings #1:
Total respondent 145 government officials
Gender of respondents: % : %
“Forest tenure reform implementation is male dominant”

7. Main objective in the 5 countries is significantly different
Key Findings #2:
Main objective in the 5 countries is significantly different
(Chi2 is significant at 1%)
Support community access and secure right (Nepal, Indonesia, Kenya, & Peru)
Conserve forest (Uganda)

8. Target beneficiaries
Key Findings #3: Communities viewed generally as target beneficiaries with variation In Uganda, Nepal and Indonesia

9. Key Finding 4: Measures For Safeguarding Rights Generally Consistent With Perceived Community problem
Illegal harvesting of timber is main problem in Indonesia, Kenya, Peru and Uganda
Too many conflicts over boundaries between communities is a main problem for communities in Peru, Kenya, Nepal and Uganda.

10. Measures for safeguarding forest rights
Clarifying boundaries through consultation and mapping is a measure that was found to be statistically different across all the countries (overall chi sq. significant at 1%)

11. OVERALL IMPLEMENTATION
Key Findings #5: Reforms are partly implemented in Indonesia, Peru and Uganda: and many parts being implemented in Kenya and Nepal

12. Inadequate Budgets, Lengthy Process to Obtain Permits,
#6: MAIN CONSTRAINTS
Inadequate Budgets, Lengthy Process to Obtain Permits,
Political Interference and Lack of Community Compliance
Inadequate budgets is the first main constraint in KEN, NEP, PERU,UGD; 3rd constraint in Indonesia
Onerous, lengthy process to obtain permit (INA, PERU, UDG)
Political Interference; 3rd main constraint In KEN, NEP, PERU

13. EFFECTIVENESS OF Program implementation
Indonesia and Uganda: implementation is somewhat effective
Kenya, Peru and Nepal : program implementation is effective
Chi square is significant at 1% across the five countries.

14. Overall Implementation Effectiveness of Program implementation
Order Logit Model Both overall and program implementation models reported a significant likelihood ratio chi squares
Variables
(1)
(2)
Overall Implementation
Effectiveness of Program implementation
Location of implementing agent
(1.7906)
(1.5687)
Conflict Resolution
(0.8336)
(0.7841)
Safeguards Rights
0.6907
(1.2113)
(1.0696)
Works with traditional leaders
(1.2235)
(1.1789)
Inadequate budget **
(1.1812)
(0.9948)
Leadership support
***
***
(1.2811)
(0.9475)
Interaction with leaders and influential institutions
1.9824**
0.4704
(0.8251)
(0.7930)
Salary of implementers
0.5947
3.3083**
(1.6052)
(1.5066)
Staff Promotion
2.4107**
0.1539
(0.9722)
(0.8059)
Social Conditions
0.2660
(0.6668)
(0.6646)
Political Conditions
0.4069
(0.4681)
(0.4666)
Economic Conditions
(0.6783)
(0.6273)

15. Overall Implementation Effectiveness of Program Implementation
Significant factors
Model I
Overall Implementation
Model II
Effectiveness of Program Implementation
Inadequate budget **
(-2.5) -
Leadership support
***
(-4.1)
(-2.8)
Interaction with leaders and influential institutions
(1.9)
Salary of implementers
(3.3)
Staff Promotion
(2.4)

16. CONCLUSION Forest tenure reform implementation dominated by men
The main objectives of reforms in the five countries are different (some focused on conservation, some on strengthening rights, some on access and use).
Communities viewed generally as target beneficiaries with variation in Uganda, Nepal and Indonesia
Measures for safeguarding rights generally consistent with perceived community needs
Reforms are partially implemented in Indonesia, Peru and Uganda: and many parts being implemented in Kenya and Nepal
Main constraints are inadequate budgets, lengthy process to obtain permits and lack of community compliance
Inadequate budgets, lead institution effectiveness, increased salary and staff promotions are significant factors that affect overall reform implementations a cross the five countries.

17. What now? Increasing budget for forest tenure reform implementation
Simplifying regulation for getting permit
Individual incentives (staff promotion and salary)

18. Thank you!