1. The World Bank Land and Poverty Conference is glad to welcome poster session presenters. You have been selected by the land conference team to present your poster to an interested audience at the conference.
Please view the instructions on the conference website on how to upload poster in your Conftool account. Submit your poster, if to be printed by conference organizers by 11:59 PM on February 15, 2018 (Eastern Standard Time)
The size requirements for posters are as follows:
Size A1 vertical: 841 x 594 mm (height x width) or 33.1 x 23.4 inches (height x width)
Please consult the following formatting template below when preparing your poster.

2. Six proxies to assess Indicator 5.a.2 (Goal 5, Target 5.a)
Women and Land rights in Brazil and India: A historical and comparative analysis concerning legal framework and social challenges
Author(s): Ranjana DAS and Isabelle Lopes PICELLI
Affiliation: Humphrey Hubert Fulbright Fellows – Cornell University
Author’s Address:
The number of women holding land title issued through the Land Reform program increased to 48% either individually or jointly (2010).
Legal framework provided by the Civil Act is favorable to women: supports equal inheritance rights and requires spousal consent for land transactions.
Beyond Land Rights: land policy in Brazil were combined with the implementation, in 2003, of a line of credit for women, in order to strengthen autonomy of women as farmers.
Lack of reliable data: : Official figures available from the Census of Agriculture do not take in account the jointly property, underestimating the level of women’s rural land ownership. In addition, Brazil lacks centrally collated data on land ownership what hinders the assessment of the SDG related to gender.
In India…
In India, women’s land rights gained importance from 1980 onwards and emanated from peasant’s movements in eastern and southern regions. It is still struggling to receive much attention within broader land reforms movement
Land and property rights for women are mostly governed by constitutional laws, religious laws and customary practices
Women can obtain land from family, market and government programs and schemes
Hindu succession Amendment (HAS) Act 2005 granting equal property rights to sons and daughters
Poor awareness around the HSA; hardly 2-3% of women are aware of these provisions
Provision of prospective partitioning and interpretations around retrospective partitioning for un--‐partitioned property requires more clarity in HSA, 2005.
Social norms prevents women to make claims under the legal provision; norms overrides policies and laws
Brazil and India had series of post independence land reforms to improve equity in land distribution and agricultural production.
Brazil is well known for its social security programs and for last one decade India has passed some progressive legislations in favor of land rights for women.
In the last two decades, much international attention has been given to promote women’s right to a secure land tenure as an effort to address gender inequality. SDGs are one good example.
In India, 80% of women engaged in agriculture, contribute 60-80% of food production, but only 13% own land. In Brazil, an estimate of 12% of women own land. Among the settled families, however, 48% of the title issued are held by women either individually or jointly.
In both countries, there is no reliable data and tracking concerning land owned by women and there is an absence of centrally collated data on land ownership.
RESULTS
INTRODUCTION
In India, women and rights has been an agenda for feminist groups whereas in Brazil it was treated by land movements.
Land Reform in Brazil has implemented measures to strengthen women rights to land whereas in India this process has not given particular attention to women.
In India, Hindu Succession Amendment Act 2005 have been a step forward for Hindu women. However, social norms can prevent women to make claims. In the case of Brazil, a progressive branch of Catholic Church played a critical role to support women and land rights.
Lack of centrally collated data on land ownership hinders the assessment of the SDG related to gender 5.a.1 (Goal 5, Target 5.a). There requires a concerted effort to collect data related to women and land rights in alignment with the Indicator 5.a.1 (Goal 5, Target 5.a).
In India, there is a convergence required between Ministry of Rural Development and Ministry of Women and Child Development to jointly monitor the implementation of HSA and also situation of women and land rights. In Brazil, Census should consider adding questions to track women and men holding land title jointly.
The poster delineates the legal reforms that have taken place in both the countries to secure women’s land tenure rights and whether they have been helpful or detrimental for women especially from marginal communities.
It critically considers the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) specially Goal 5 – Target 5.a, Indicators 5.a.1 and 5.a.2.related to Women and land rights.
The case of Brazil and India analyzed against the six proxies under Indicator 5.a.2.
CONCLUSIONS
MATERIALS | METHODS
Six proxies to assess Indicator 5.a.2 (Goal 5, Target 5.a)
It measures the extent of women’s disadvantages in ownership of and rights to land, as well as equal legal rights to land ownership
Proxies
Brazil
India
Does the legal and policy framework provide for the allocation of financial resources to increase women’s ownership and control over land?
No special allocation of resources to increase women’s ownership over land.
No; not much awareness and financial allocation made so that women benefit from the legal reform; in fact women are least recognize as farmers and gain not much benefit from credit and other input markets.
In legal systems that recognise customary land tenure, does the legal and policy framework explicitly protect the land rights of women?
No explicitly mention on collective land titling programs.
It is not clear that how legal framework interacts with the customary frameworks. For land and property social norms governs women’s rights
Does the legal and policy framework mandate women’s participation in land management and administration institutions?
Not all of them. The National Council for Rural Development is an important body that assists the Ministry of Agrarian Development on the formulation of agrarian policy. Among its official members, it includes two representatives of women farmers.
Equal participation of women in land management and administration institutions is not guaranteed. [India is fighting for 33 % reservation in the Parliament and also pushing for a constitutional amendment to have 50% women’s quota in local self-governance (Panchayat). ]
In Brazil…
The demand for women’s land rights was persistently articulated within the Landless Movement
The Catholic Church and its liberation theology has played an important role to organize women’s groups in the previous decade. (Deere, 2003)
1988 Federal Constitution aproved an Agrarian Reform policy and stated that men, women or both could benefit from it. However, joint titling was not mandatory. As a result, in the mid-1990s, women were only 12.6 per cent of the beneficiaries in Brazil.
Popular pressure resulted in a revision of Land Reform legal framework in the years 2000
Land title or use right shall be given to women independent of their civil status
Joint adjudication and titling to couples - married or in common law marriage – became mandatory.
Women who are head of household became priority in the process of selection to be benefited from land reform.
In case of divorce, the parcel of land remain with the women in case she has the custody of the children.
Proxies
Brazil
India
Is the joint registration of land compulsory or encouraged through economic incentives?
Joint titling of acquired land is mandatory in the cases of total and partial community property
5 % percent relaxation of registration fee is given during land registration in case of joint titling
The legal and policy framework require spousal consent for land transactions?
Yes, Civil Act provides this guarantee. No research about consent for land transactions
Legally yes, however, social norms overrides policies and laws in India. A woman’s consent is always taken as granted
Does the legal and policy framework support women’s and girls’ equal inheritance rights?
Yes, the Civil Act
Yes, the Hindu succession Amendment Act 2005
RESULTS
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
C.D. Deere. Women’s Land Rights and Rural Social Movements in the Brazilian Agrarian Reform. Journal of Agrarian Reform. Vol.3. Jan.2003
POS 01-01