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Starter 10/03/2017 Where did all of the oxygen, carbon, gold, and silver on Earth come from?
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The Star Life Cycle
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If you see this, WRITE DOWN THE INFORMATION ON PAGE 6!!!
FYI: Important information will be shown in a white box with a yellow border. If you see this, WRITE DOWN THE INFORMATION ON PAGE 6!!!
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What is the most abundant element in the Universe and WHY?
Hydrogen—It’s the FIRST element, and the easiest to “make” 1 electron 1 proton
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Nebulas are stellar nurseries.
What is a NEBULA? Nebula = Interstellar Cloud Made of gas and dust Nebulas are stellar nurseries.
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NEBULA
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Nebulas
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Nebulas
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Trifid Nebula
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Nebulas Stars form inside nebulas, or protostars, very slowly. One hydrogen molecule fuses with another, then that with another, and on and on. Pretty soon, these fusing atoms cause space to become unbalanced. And in an effort to balance space out the fusing atoms start to spin.
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This is where stars are formed!
Nebulas Before long the fusing and the spinning creates a gravitational pull, pulling more and more atoms and dust into the center. This is where stars are formed!
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Nebulas
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Nebulas and Young Stars
Young, bright stars. Probably only a few hundred thousand years old! Protostars, about to become “real” stars.
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LOW MASS NEBULA MAIN SEQUENCE
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Main Sequence In order to start the MAIN SEQUENCE you need hydrogen fusion. Hydrogen with extra neutron helium hydrogen neutron
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Main Sequence Low Mass Star Low Mass Stars
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The importance of Fusion
Elements 4-26 (Beryllium through Iron) can be formed in simple stars like our Sun through the process of fusion. 2 He Helium 2 He Helium 4 Be Beryllium +
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The importance of Fusion
The elements highlighted in pink were created by fusion inside extinct stars!
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Main Sequence You are here!
The Sun is still fusing hydrogen, and we have billions of years worth of hydrogen left. But what happens when ALL the hydrogen in the Sun has fused??? What will be left? helium neutron Low Mass Stars
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LOW MASS NEBULA MAIN SEQUENCE RED GIANT
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Red Giants Helium FLASH!
This happens when all of the hydrogen (fuel) in a star has been fused. This makes the star SWELL and COOL! Low Mass Stars
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Red Giants This might be what our sun will look like from Earth when it has its HELIUM FLASH (and turns into a Red Giant). Low Mass Stars
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Our Sun as a Red Giant… Sun—the size it is now Position of Mercury
Position of Venus Position of Earth Low Mass Stars
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LOW MASS NEBULA MAIN SEQUENCE RED GIANT PLANETARY NEBULA
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Where the heaviest elements are. Like Lead, Vanadium, Titanium, etc.
Planetary Nebula Inside an old star (like a Red Giant): CORE: Where the heaviest elements are. Like Lead, Vanadium, Titanium, etc. RADIATION ZONE: Where heat comes from PHOTOSPHERE: Where lighter elements are found. Like carbon, oxygen, and nitrogen Low Mass Stars
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Planetary Nebula We call this a NOVA!
When an old star finishes fusing ALL the light elements something interesting happens… We call this a NOVA! The heavier part of the star collapses in the middle, forming a VERY dense ball The lighter part of the star separates from the core and explodes into space! Low Mass Stars
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The part that explodes into space is called the Planetary Nebula
Low Mass Stars
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Planetary Nebula Planetary Nebula are wrongly named, since they have nothing to do with the birth of planets. Low Mass Stars
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Carbon, Nitrogen, Oxygen, Calcium , and other elements.
Planetary Nebula Remember that lighter part of the star that exploded into space? What was it made of? Carbon, Nitrogen, Oxygen, Calcium , and other elements. Low Mass Stars
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Planetary Nebula Those elements spread into outer space until they run into something or combine into a stellar nebula. If the elements run into nebulas, young stars, or planets they become part of those things! Low Mass Stars
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Butterfly Nebula Can you see the core?
Low Mass Stars
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Planetary Nebula Low Mass Stars
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Planetary Nebula Low Mass Stars
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Planetary Nebula Low Mass Stars
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Bubble Nebula Low Mass Stars
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Low Mass Stars
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Rotten Egg Low Mass Stars
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Red Spider Low Mass Stars
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Hourglass Low Mass Stars
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Planetary Nebula Low Mass Stars
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LOW MASS NEBULA MAIN SEQUENCE RED GIANT PLANETARY NEBULA WHITE DWARF
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The dense core will become a White Dwarf
White Dwarves Remember this? The dense core will become a White Dwarf Low Mass Stars
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White Dwarves Low Mass Stars
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White Dwarves White Dwarves are VERY small, but VERY dense.
Imagine the mass of the Sun, 1/2 the size of Earth! Low Mass Stars
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White Dwarves An artist’s idea of what the Sun will look like as a White Dwarf from the surface of the Earth. Low Mass Stars
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LOW MASS NEBULA HIGH MASS MAIN SEQUENCE MAIN SEQUENCE RED GIANT PLANETARY NEBULA WHITE DWARF
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LOW MASS NEBULA HIGH MASS MAIN SEQUENCE MAIN SEQUENCE RED GIANT SUPER GIANT PLANETARY NEBULA WHITE DWARF
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The fusion of very heavy elements happens here!
Super Giants The fusion of very heavy elements happens here! Elements (Cobalt through Uranium) were formed inside Supergiants Low Mass Stars
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The importance of Fusion
The elements highlighted in yellow were created by fusion of BIG stars! The importance of Fusion
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Super Giant More than 2 dozen of these stars are Super giants! (The Bright, yellow stars). Warm dust glows red. The blue spot here is likely the remnant of a SUPER NOVA! The big blue patch is where NEW stars are being born! High Mass Stars
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Super Giants Betelgeuse is an example of a Super Giant star! You can see it in the constellation Orion…it’s literally the armpit of Orion. High Mass Stars
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Super Giants Antares is another Super Giant in our sky. It is often called the heart of Scorpio. High Mass Stars
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Credit: http://aerospaceed.org/sizeperspective.htm
Sense of Scale Credit: High Mass Stars
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Credit: http://aerospaceed.org/sizeperspective.htm
Sense of Scale Credit: High Mass Stars
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Credit: http://aerospaceed.org/sizeperspective.htm
Sense of Scale Credit: High Mass Stars
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Credit: http://aerospaceed.org/sizeperspective.htm
Sense of Scale Credit: High Mass Stars
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Credit: http://aerospaceed.org/sizeperspective.htm
Sense of Scale Credit: High Mass Stars
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LOW MASS NEBULA HIGH MASS MAIN SEQUENCE MAIN SEQUENCE RED GIANT SUPER GIANT PLANETARY NEBULA SUPER NOVA! WHITE DWARF
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Supernova! A picture made up from 3 different telescope images. This is the dust of a Supernova…mainly composed of Iron. High Mass Stars
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Supernova! Really heavy elements: gold, silver, platinum, etc. came from previous supernovas! High Mass Stars
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Supernova! Why don’t we have very many good pictures of Supernovas?
You have to have Supergiants to have Supernovas! And we only know of about 200 Supergiants in our Universe. That means the odds of a star being a Supergiant is %. High Mass Stars
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Crab Nebula—Supernova in the year 1054
High Mass Stars
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LOW MASS NEBULA HIGH MASS MAIN SEQUENCE MAIN SEQUENCE RED GIANT SUPER GIANT PLANETARY NEBULA SUPER NOVA! WHITE DWARF NEUTRON STAR
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Neutron Stars are VERY VERY dense. And VERY VERY small.
The density of a Neutron Star makes its gravitational pull SUPER strong. High Mass Stars
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LOW MASS NEBULA HIGH MASS MAIN SEQUENCE MAIN SEQUENCE RED GIANT SUPER GIANT PLANETARY NEBULA SUPER NOVA! WHITE DWARF NEUTRON STAR BLACK HOLE
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Black Holes High Mass Stars
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Black holes are actually the BRIGHTEST objects in the sky.
That is because the HUGE amount of light they are “sucking” into them gets bounced around and reflects back into outer space. Black holes DO NOT swallow up the whole Universe. They only have as much gravitational pull as they had when they were stars. High Mass Stars
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Stars and the Periodic Table
Watch the video clips on the class website and add more information to your notes.
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